Chapter 2 (Textbook)

Front 1

What happens during facilitated communication?

Back 1

a "facilitator" sits next to a child with autism, who in turn sits in front of a computer keyboard or letter pad

Front 2

Is infantile autism motor and mental disorder?

Back 2

Motor (movement)

Front 3

What is a prefrontal lobotomy?

Back 3

surgical procedure that severs fibres connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus

Front 4

What were prefrontal lobotomies used from?

Back 4

to treat schizophrenia

Front 5

Was schizophrenia effective?

Back 5

When scientists performed controlled studies on the effectiveness of lobotomies they found them to be useless --> although operation resulted in radical changes in behaviour, it didn't target the behaviours associated with schizophrenia

Front 6

What are the two modes of thinking?

Back 6

1. System 1 thinking: Intuitive

2. System 2 thinking: Analytical

Front 7

Analytical thinking is quick and reflexive. T or F

Back 7

False. Analytical thinking is slow and reflective

Front 8

When our brains are on autopilot, what mode of thinking are we using?

Back 8

System 1: intuitive

Front 9

Which mode of thinking often relies on heuristics?

Back 9

Intuitive thinking

Front 10

What is a major advantage and disadvantage of naturalistic observations?

Back 10

ADVANTAGE: naturalistic designs are often high in external validity

DISADVANTAGE: low in internal validity

Front 11

Define internal validity

Back 11

extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences from a study

Front 12

What is a limitation of case studies?

Back 12

don't know if the knowledge gained in a single case generates beyond that case

Front 13

Why is random selection important?

Back 13

It is crucial if we want to generalize our results to broader population

Front 14

When evaluating results from any dependent variable we must ask 2 questions:

Back 14

1. Is our measure reliable?

2. Is our measure valid

Front 15

Define reliability

Back 15

consistency of measurement

Front 16

What is the test-retest reliability ?

Back 16

when a reliable questionnaire yields similar results over time

Front 17

What is interrater reliability?

Back 17

Extent to different people who conduct an interview or make behavioural observations agree on the characteristics they're measuring

Front 18

Define validity.

Back 18

extent to which a measure assesses what i claims to measure

Front 19

Why is reliability necessary for validity?

Back 19

because we need to measure something consistent before we can measure it well

Front 20

Reliability guarantees validity. T or F

Back 20

False. Reliability does not guarantee validity

Front 21

What are response sets?

Back 21

Tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questions - often in a way that paints them in a positive light

Front 22

What are the two types of problematic response sets?

Back 22

1. Positive impression management

2. Malingering

Front 23

What is positive impression management

Back 23

tendency to make ourselves look better than we are

Front 24

What is malingering?

Back 24

tendency to make ourselves seem psychologically disturbed with the aim of achieving a personal clear cut goal

Front 25

Give an example of malingering

Back 25

people who are trying to obtain financial compensation for an injury or mistreatment on the job

Front 26

What is a rating data (asking people to rate others) drawback?

Back 26

Halo or horn effect

Front 27

Define halo effect

Back 27

tendency of ratings of one positive characteristic to "spill over" to influence the ratings of other positive characteristics

Front 28

Raters who fall victim to halo effect seem almost to regard the target as "___________"

Back 28

angels

Front 29

What is the horns effect

Back 29

the converse of the halo effect - ratings of ones negative trait, spill over to influence the rating of other negative traits

Front 30

Correlational designs allow us to generate __________ about the ___________

Back 30

predictions about the future

Front 31

Correlations can be ___, ___, _____

Back 31

positive, negative, zero

Front 32

Positive correlation:

Back 32

as value of one variable changes, the other goes in the same direction

Front 33

Zero correlation:

Back 33

variable don't go together at all

Front 34

Negative correlation:

Back 34

As a value of on variable changes, the value of the other goes in the opposite direction

Front 35

What are correlation coefficients? What do they range from?

Back 35

the statistics that psychologists use to measure correlations

- range from -1.0-1.0

Front 36

What is a correlation coefficient of -1.0?

Back 36

Perfect negative corelation

Front 37

What is a correlation coefficient of 1.0?

Back 37

Perfect positive correlation

Front 38

How can you find how strong a coefficient is?

Back 38

Look at it's absolute value

Front 39

Define absolute value

Back 39

the size of the coefficient without the plus or minus sign

Front 40

What is illusory correlation?

Back 40

perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exist - a statistical mirage

Front 41

What is the lunar lunacy effect

Back 41

many people convinced of a strong statistical association between a full moon and variety of strange occurrences

Front 42

What forms the basis for superstitions?

Back 42

illusory correlations

Front 43

Why do we fall prey to illusory correlation?

Back 43

our minds aren't good at detecting and remembering nonevents

Front 44

How do we avoid illusory correlation?

Back 44

force ourselves to keep track of disconfirming instances

Front 45

What is the difference between illusory correlation and correlation vs. causation fallacy?

Back 45

Illusory correlation: perceiving a correlation when there isn't one

Correlation vs. causation fallacy: correlation exists but we mistakenly interpret it as implying a causal association

Front 46

What 2 factors makes a study an experiment?

Back 46

1. Random assignment of participants to conditions

2. Manipulation of an independent variable

Front 47

What is between-subject design?

Back 47

researchers assign different groups to the control or experimental conditions - experimental manipulation made between groups

Front 48

What is within-subject design?

Back 48

each participant acts as his or her own control - researcher will take measurement before the independent variable manipulation then measure that same participant again after the manipulation

Front 49

Define operational definition:

Back 49

working definition of what a researcher is measuring

Front 50

What is the placebo effect?

Back 50

improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

Front 51

To avoid placebo effect: patients must remain ______ to the condition which they've been assigned

Back 51

blind

Front 52

What is the nocebo effect?

Back 52

harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm

Front 53

What is the experimental expectancy effect? What is it also known as

Back 53

- researchers hypotheses lead them to be unintentionally bias to the outcome of a study

- AKA Rosenthal effect

Front 54

What is a double blind:

Back 54

when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group

Front 55

What are demand characteristics

Back 55

cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate regarding the researchers hypotheses

Front 56

Naturalistic observations: 1 advantage 2 disadvantage

Back 56

Advantage: high external validity

Disadvantage: - low internal validity

- doesn't allow us to infer causation

Front 57

Case studies: 3 advantage, 2 disadvantage

Back 57

Advantage: - can provide existence proofs

- allows us to study rare or unusual phenomena

- can offer insights for later systematic testing

Disadvantage: - are typically anecdotal

- don't allow us to infer causation

Front 58

What are existence proofs

Back 58

demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur

Front 59

Correlational designs: 1 advantage, 1 disadvantage

Back 59

Advantage: can help us predict behaviour

Disadvantage: don't allow us to infer causation

Front 60

Experimental designs: 2 advantage, 1 disadvantage

Back 60

Advantage: - allow us to infer causation

- high internal validity

Disadvantage: can sometimes be low in external validity

Front 61

What is informed consent?

Back 61

Researchers must tell subjects what they're getting themselves into before asking them to participate

Front 62

Deception is justified only when: (3)

Back 62

1. researchers couldn't have performed the study without deception

2. the use of deception or withholding the hypothesis does not negatively affect the rights or participants

3. research does not involve medical or therapeutic intervention

Front 63

What kind of research cannot use deception?

Back 63

research involving treating people for an illness of ailment

Front 64

What is invasive research

Back 64

investigators cause physical harm to animals

Front 65

In Canada research must follow the guidelines of the...

Back 65

Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)

Front 66

Define statistics

Back 66

the applications of mathematics to describing and analyzing data

Front 67

Define descriptive statistics

Back 67

numeric characterizations that describe data

Front 68

What are the 2 main types of descriptive statistics?

Back 68

1. Central tendency 2.Variability

Front 69

What is central tendency

Back 69

give a sense of the central score in our data set or where the group tends to cluster

Front 70

What are the 3 measures of central tendency, briefly describe each

Back 70

1. MEAN: (average) total score divided by the number of people

2. MEDIAN: middle score in data - lining up scores in order and finding the middle one

3. MODE: most frequent score in data set

Front 71

Which measure of central tendency is generally the best statistic to report when our data forms a bell shaped distribution?

Back 71

Mean

Front 72

What is negative skew distribution?

Back 72

elongated tail at the left

Front 73

What is a positive skew distribution

Back 73

elongated tail on the right

Front 74

Variability is sometimes called

Back 74

dispersion

Front 75

What is variability?

Back 75

Measure of how loosely or tightly bunched the scores in data are

Front 76

What are the two measures of variability, briefly described each.

Back 76

1. Range: difference between the highest and lowest scores

2. Standard deviation: takes into account how far each data point is from the mean

Front 77

Define inferential statistics

Back 77

mathematical method that allows us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population

Front 78

What is statistical significance?

Back 78

to figure out whether the difference we've observed in our sample is a believable one

Front 79

When findings occur by chance in less than 5 out of 100 times we say that the findings are

Back 79

statistically significant

Front 80

Difference between practical and statistical significance

Back 80

Practical: real world important

Statistical: won't make much or any difference on the real world

Front 81

What is base rate

Back 81

how common a characteristic or behvaiour is in the general population

Front 82

What is attention-placebo control condition

Back 82

counselor provides attention but no psychotherapy to patients

Front 83

Define sharpening:

Back 83

tendency to exaggerate the gist or central message

Front 84

Define levelling:

Back 84

tendency to minimize the less central details of a study

Front 85

Define pseudosymmetry:

Back 85

appearance of a scientific controversy where none exists

Front 86

Parapsychologists have divided ESP into 3 major types, briefly describe each

Back 86

1. Precognition: acquiring knowledge of future events before they occure

2. Telepathy: reading other people's minds

3. Clairvoyance: detecting the presence of objects or people that are hidden from view