Chapter 2: Terms Pertaining To The Body As A Whole

Front 1

Anabolism

Back 1

process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids

Front 2

Ana-

Back 2

up

Front 3

bol

Back 3

cast

Front 4

-ism

Back 4

process

Front 5

Catabolism

Back 5

process whereby complex nutrients, such as sugar and fats, are broken down into simpler substances and energy is released by the mitochondria

Front 6

Cata-

Back 6

down

Front 7

bol

Back 7

cast

Front 8

-ism

Back 8

process

Front 9

Cell membrane

Back 9

• where: structure surrounding and protecting the cell

• how/function: it determines what enters and leaves the cell

Front 10

Chromosomes

Back 10

• what: rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes

• there are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes

Front 11

How many chromosomes and pairs are in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells

Back 11

43 chromosomes (23 pairs)

Front 12

Cytoplasm

Back 12

• where: all of the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane

• how/function: carries on the work the cell (e.g. transmit, contracts, etc.)

• what: contains specialized apparatus to supply chemical needs to the cell

Front 13

DNA

Back 13

• where: a chemical found within each chromosome arranged like a sequence of recipes in code

• how/function: it directs the activities of the cell

Front 14

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 14

• where: network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell

• how/function: they manufacture proteins for the cell

Front 15

Genes

Back 15

regions of DNA within each chromosome

Front 16

Karotype

Back 16

• picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell

• the chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure

Front 17

Metabolism

Back 17

total of the chemical processes in a cell, which include the two processes, anabolism and catabolism

Front 18

Meta-

Back 18

change

Front 19

bol

Back 19

to cast

Front 20

-ism

Back 20

a process

Front 21

Includes the following:

• catabolism

• anabolism

Back 21

Metabolism

Front 22

Mitochondria

Back 22

• structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (miniature "power plants") for the cell

• provide principal source of energy for the cell

Front 23

Catabolism

Back 23

the process that occurs in mitochondria

Front 24

Mitos

Back 24

thread (Greek)

Front 25

Chondrion

Back 25

Granule

Front 26

Nucleus

Back 26

• Control center of the cell

• Contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell

Front 27

Adipose tissue

Back 27

collection of fact cells

Front 28

Cartilage

Back 28

• flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joint

• cartilage forms part of an external ear and the nose

• rings of cartilage surround the trachea

Front 29

Epithelial cells

Back 29

skin cell that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs

Front 30

Histologist

Back 30

specialist in the study of tissues

Front 31

Larynx

Back 31

• voice box

• located at the upper trachea

Front 32

Pharynx

Back 32

• throat

• passageway for food (from the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachae)

Front 33

Pituitary gland

Back 33

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

Front 34

Thyroid gland

Back 34

endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck

Front 35

Trachea

Back 35

windpipe (tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes)

Front 36

Ureter

Back 36

one of the two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder

Front 37

Uterus

Back 37

• womb

• the organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops

Front 38

Viscera

Back 38

(plural) internal organs

Front 39

Viscus

Back 39

(singular) internal organs

Front 40

Tissues make

Back 40

organs

Front 41

Abdominal cavity

Back 41

• space below the chest containing organs such as liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines

• also called the abdomen or peritoneal cavity

Front 42

Cranial cavity

Back 42

• space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull

• means pertaining to the skull

Front 43

Diaphragm

Back 43

• muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities

• the diaphragm moves up and down and aids in breathing

Front 44

Dorsal (posterior)

Back 44

pertaining to the back

Front 45

Mediastinum

Back 45

centrally located space outside and between the lungs

Front 46

Pelvic cavity

Back 46

• space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

• means pertaining to the pelvis

• composed of the hips bones surrounding the pelvic cavity

Front 47

Peritoneum

Back 47

• double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity

• the peritoneum attaches abdominal viscera to muscles and functions as a protective membrane (containing blood vessels and nerves) around the organs

Front 48

Pleura

Back 48

• double-folded membrane surrounding each lung

• means pertaining to the pleura

Front 49

Pleura

Back 49

space between the pleural layers

Front 50

Spinal cavity

Back 50

• space within the spinal column (backbones) containing the spinal cord

• also called the spinal canal

Front 51

Thoracic cavity

Back 51

• space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs

Front 52

Ventral (anterior)

Back 52

pertaining to the front

Front 53

Hypochondriac

Back 53

right and left upper regions beneath the ribs

Front 54

Epigastric

Back 54

middle upper region above the stomach

Front 55

Lumbar

Back 55

right and left middle regions near the waist

Front 56

Umbilical

Back 56

central region near the navel

Front 57

Inguinal

Back 57

• right and left lower regions near the groin

• also called iliac regions

Front 58

Hypogastric

Back 58

middle lower region below the umbilical region

Front 59

RUQ

Back 59

right upper quadrant

Front 60

LUQ

Back 60

lower upper quadrant

Front 61

RLQ

Back 61

right lower quadrant

Front 62

LLQ

Back 62

left lower quadrant

Front 63

Cervical

Back 63

neck region (C1 to C7)

Front 64

Thoracic

Back 64

chest region (T1 to T12)

Front 65

Lumbar

Back 65

loin (waist) region (L1 to L5)

Front 66

Sacral

Back 66

region of the sacrum (S1 to S5)

Front 67

Coccygeal

Back 67

region of the coccyx (tailbone)

Front 68

Vertebra

Back 68

single backbone

Front 69

Vertebrae

Back 69

backbones

Front 70

Spinal column

Back 70

bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity

Front 71

Spinal cord

Back 71

nervous tissues within the spinal cavity

Front 72

Disk (disc)

Back 72

Pad of cartilage between vertebrae

Front 73

Anterior (ventral)

Back 73

front surface of body

Front 74

Deep

Back 74

away from the surface

Front 75

Distal

Back 75

far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure

Front 76

Frontal (coronal) plane

Back 76

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

Front 77

Inferior (caudal)

Back 77

• below another structure

• pertaining to the or lower portion of the body

Front 78

Lateral

Back 78

pertaining to the side

Front 79

Medial

Back 79

pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body

Front 80

Posterior (dorsal)

Back 80

back surface of body

Front 81

Prone

Back 81

lying on the belly (face down, palms down)

Front 82

Proximal

Back 82

near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure

Front 83

Sagittal (lateral) plane

Back 83

• lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides

• from the Latin sagitta, meaning arrow

• as an arrow is shot from a bow it enters the body in the sagittal plane, dividing right from left

Front 84

Midsagittal plane

Back 84

divides the body into right and left halves

Front 85

Superficial

Back 85

on the surface

Front 86

Superior (cephalic)

Back 86

• above another structure

• pertaining to the head

Front 87

Supine

Back 87

lying on the back (face up, palms up)

Front 88

Transverse (axial) plane

Back 88

horizontal (cross-sectional) plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions.

Front 89

Abdomin/o

Back 89

abdomen

Front 90

Abdominal

Back 90

pertaining to the abdomen

Front 91

Adip/o

Back 91

fat

Front 92

-ose

Back 92

pertaining to or full of

Front 93

Adipose

Back 93

full of fat

Front 94

Anter/o

Back 94

front

Front 95

-ior

Back 95

pertaining to

Front 96

Anterior

Back 96

pertaining to the front

Front 97

Cervic/o

Back 97

neck (of the body or of the uterus)

Front 98

Cervical

Back 98

pertaining to the neck of the body or of the uterus

Front 99

Chondr/o

Back 99

color

Front 100

-somes

Back 100

bodies

Front 101

Chromosome

Back 101

bodies of color

Front 102

Coccyg/o

Back 102

coccyx (tailbone)

Front 103

Coccygeal

Back 103

pertaining to the tailbone

Front 104

Crani/o

Back 104

skull

Front 105

Craniotomy

Back 105

the study of the skull

Front 106

cyt/o

Back 106

cell

Front 107

-plasm

Back 107

formation

Front 108

cytoplasm

Back 108

formation of the cell

Front 109

dist/o

Back 109

far, distant

Front 110

distal

Back 110

pertaining to the far

Front 111

dist/o

Back 111

back portion of the body

Front 112

dorsal

Back 112

pertaining to the back portion of the body

Front 113

hist/o

Back 113

tissue

Front 114

histology

Back 114

the study of tissue

Front 115

ili/o

Back 115

ilium (upper part of the pelvic bone)

Front 116

iliac

Front 117

inguin/o

Back 117

groin

Front 118

inguinal

Back 118

pertaining to the groin

Front 119

kary/o

Back 119

nucleus

Front 120

-type

Back 120

classification or picture

Front 121

karyotype

Back 121

classification or picture of the nucleus

Front 122

later/o

Back 122

side

Front 123

lateral

Back 123

pertaining to the side

Front 124

lumb/o

Back 124

lower back (side and back between the ribs and the pelvis

Front 125

lumbosacral

Front 126

medi/o

Back 126

middle

Front 127

medial

Back 127

pertaining to the middle

Front 128

nucle/o

Back 128

nucleus

Front 129

nucleic

Back 129

pertaining to the nucleus

Front 130

pelv/i

Back 130

pelvis

Front 131

pelvic

Back 131

pertaining to the pelvis

Front 132

poster/o

Back 132

back, behind

Front 133

posterior

Back 133

pertaining to the back

Front 134

sacr/o

Back 134

sacrum

Front 135

sarc/o

Back 135

flesh

Front 136

sacral

Back 136

pertaining to the sacrum

Front 137

sarcoma

Back 137

tumor of the flesh

Front 138

spin/o

Back 138

spine, backbone

Front 139

spinal

Back 139

pertaining to the spine

Front 140

thel/o

Back 140

nipple

Front 141

theli/o

Back 141

nipple

Front 142

epithelial cell

Back 142

pertaining to the skin of the nipples, body surfaces, externally (outside the body) and internally (lining the cavities and organs)

Front 143

thorac/o

Back 143

chest

Front 144

thoracic

Back 144

pertaining to the chest

Front 145

trache/o

Back 145

trachea, windpipe

Front 146

tracheal

Back 146

pertaining to the trachea

Front 147

umbilic/o

Back 147

navel, umbilicus

Front 148

umbilical

Back 148

pertaining to the umbilicus, navel

Front 149

vetr/o

Back 149

belly side of the body

Front 150

ventral

Back 150

pertaining to the belly side of the body

Front 151

vertebr/o

Back 151

vertebra(e), backone(s)

Front 152

vertebral

Back 152

pertaining to the vertebra (e), backbones

Front 153

viscer/o

Back 153

internal organs

Front 154

visceral

Back 154

pertaining to the internal organs

Front 155

ana-

Back 155

up

Front 156

anabolism

Back 156

protein is BUILT UP from simpler substances (amino acids)

Front 157

cata-

Back 157

down

Front 158

catabolism

Back 158

complex nutrients are BROKEN DOWN into simpler substances and energy is released

Front 159

epi-

Back 159

above

Front 160

epinephrine

Back 160

hormone secreted in the adrenal gland

Front 161

-ine

Back 161

substance

Front 162

hypo-

Back 162

below

Front 163

hypochondriac

Back 163

below the abdomen (liver and spleen)

Front 164

inter-

Back 164

between

Front 165

intervertebral

Back 165

pertaining to the disk (disc) between the vertebra(e)

Front 166

intra-

Back 166

within

Front 167

intravenous

Back 167

IV

Front 168

meta-

Back 168

change

Front 169

metabolism

Back 169

the chemical changes that occur in the cell

Front 170

-eal

Back 170

pertaining to

Front 171

-iac

Back 171

pertaining to

Front 172

-ior

Back 172

pertaining to

Front 173

-ism

Back 173

pertaining to

Front 174

-ose

Back 174

pertaining to, full of

Front 175

-plasm

Back 175

formation

Front 176

-somes

Back 176

bodies

Front 177

-type

Back 177

picture, classification

Front 178

-al

Back 178

pertaining to