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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Element
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one of the basic building blocks of matter
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CHNOPS
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the 6 basic elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate, and sulfur.
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Atom
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the smallest unit of matter to enter into chemical reactions
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Protons
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subatomic particles that have a positive electrical charge
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Electrons
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subatomic particles that have a negative electrical charge
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Neutrons
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subatomic particles that have no charge
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Atomic number
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equal to the number of its protons
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Atomic mass
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equals the number of protons plus the number of its neutrons
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Isotope
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atoms that have the same atomic number and differ only in the number of neutrons
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Radioactive isotope
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isotopes that have too many neutrons and therefore break down into atoms with lower atomic numbers because of its unstability
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Molecule
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a chemical unit formed by atoms that bond with each other
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Compound
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a molecule with different types of atoms bonding with each other
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Ion
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an atom that has gained or lost electrons during a reaction
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Ionic bond
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the bond occuring between positively and negatively charged ions
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Covalent bonds
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bonds where atoms share electrons instead of gaining or losing them
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Hydrogen bond
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occurs whenever a covalently bonded hydrogen is positive and attracted to a negatively charged atom some distance away
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Hydrophilic
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ions and molecules that interact with water
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Hydrophobic
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ions nad molecules that do not interact with water
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Calorie
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measurement of energy
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Acids
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molecules that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions (H+)
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Bases
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molecules that either take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-)
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Buffer
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a chemical or combination of chemicals that keep s pH within normal limits
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Inorganic molecules
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constitute nonliving matter
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Organic molecules
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always contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
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Functional group
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particular cluster of atoms that always behaves in a certain way
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Monomer
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simple organic molecule that exists individually or can link with other monomers to form a polymer
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Polymer
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a linkage of different monomers
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Carbohydrates
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the first and foremost function for quick and short-term energy storage in all organisms
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Monosaccharide
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a simple sugar
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Pentose
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five-carbon sugar
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Hexose
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6-carbon sugar
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Glucose
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a hexose. is blood sugar
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Disaccharide
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contains two monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction
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Polysaccharides
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contain many glucose sunbunit
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Starch
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ready storage form of glucose in plants and animals
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Glycogen
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ready storage form of glucose in plants and animals
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Cellulose
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a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls to strengthen them
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Lipids
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contain more energy per gram than other biological molecules
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Fats
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lipids, usually of animal origin
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Oils
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lipids, usually of plant origin
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Triglyceride
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a fat with a three-part structure
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Neutral fat
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nonpolar fat molecules
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Emulsification
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causes fats to mix with water
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Fatty acid
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a hydrocarbon chain that ends with the accidic group COOH
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Saturated fatty acids
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have no double covalent bonds between carbon atoms. account for the solid nature of fats such as lard and butter
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Unsaturated fatty acids
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have no double covalent bonds between carbon atoms
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Unsaturated fatty acids
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have double bonds between carbon atoms wherever the number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon atom
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Phospholipids
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Contain a phosphate group with nitrogen instead of the third fatty acid of a triglyceride
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Steroids
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have a backboen of four fused carbon rings. example: cholesterol
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Enzymes
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speed chemical reactions
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Proteins
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polymers with amino acid polymers
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Amino acid
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has a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups (third group is R group)
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Polypeptide
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a single chain of amino acids
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Peptide bond
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the bond that joins any two amino acids
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Primary structure (of protein organization)
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the linear sequence of the amino acids joined by peptide bonds
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Secondary structure (of protein organization0
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the certain orientation in space of a poplypeptide
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Tertiary structure (of protein organization)
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3D shape of the protein (maintained by different types of bonding between the R groups of the poplypeptide)
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Quaternary structure (of protein organization)
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the separate polypeptides arranged together to form a protein
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Denaturation
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an irreversible change in shape of proteins when they are exposed to extremes in heat and pH
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid; stores genetic information in the cell and in the organism and replicates itself during cell reproduction
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RNA
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a type of ribonuclic acid that conveys DNA's instructions regarding the amino acid sequence of a protein
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Nucleotide
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a molecular complex of phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base
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Adenine
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a base in DNA; pairs with thymine
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Thymine
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a base in DNA; pairs with adenine
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Guanine
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a base in DNA; pairs with cytosine
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Cytosine
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a base in DNA; pairs with guanine
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Uracil
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a base in RNA; replaces thymine
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Double helix
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two strands of DNA held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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an energy carrier in cells; made up of two adenines, one pentose sugar, and three phosphate groups
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ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
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made up of two adenines, a pentose sugar, and two phosphate groups; results from breakdown of ATP along with one P
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