Chapter 2 Sections 1-6

Front 1

hieroglyphics

Back 1

form of ancient writing developed by Nile River valley people by about 3000 B.C.

Front 2

papyrus

Back 2

Kind of paper made by Egyptians from the stem of the papyrus plant.

Front 3

dynasty

Back 3

Family of rulers whose right to rule is hereditary.

Front 4

pharaoh

Back 4

"Great House"; Egyptian ruler’s title.

Front 5

empire

Back 5

Form of government that unites different territories and peoples under one ruler.

Front 6

polytheism

Back 6

Belief that many gods exist

Front 7

monotheism

Back 7

Belief in one god

Front 8

Rosetta Stone

Back 8

Black basalt stone found in 1799 that bears an inscription in hieroglyphics, demotic characters, and Greek; gave the first clue to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics.

Front 9

Menes

Back 9

king of Upper Egypt, united all of Egypt into one kingdom.

Front 10

Hyksos

Back 10

Group of people who arrived in ancient Egypt from Asia and introduced new war tools.

Front 11

Hatshepsut

Back 11

reigned as pharaoh from about 1503 B.C. to about 1482 B.C.

Front 12

Thutmose III

Back 12

continued this trend, bringing Egypt to the height of its power through conquest and trade until his death in 1450 B.C.

Front 13

Amenhotep IV

Back 13

Amenhotep tried to bring about social and religious change in Egypt.

Front 14

Ramses II

Back 14

was among those leaders. Ramses, who ruled from 1279 B.C. to 1213 B.C., kept the Egyptian empire together and ordered the construction of many temples and monuments. He is sometimes called Ramses the Great

Front 15

scribes

Back 15

Egyptian clerks who read or wrote for those who could not do so for themselves.

Front 16

mummification

Back 16

Process of preserving the body with chemicals after death.

Front 17

caravans

Back 17

Groups of people traveling together for safety over long distances.

Front 18

cuneiform

Back 18

Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets.

Front 19

arch

Back 19

Curved structure over an opening.

Front 20

ziggurats

Back 20

Sumerian temples made of sun-dried brick.

Front 21

city state

Back 21

Form of government that includes a town or city and the surrounding land controlled by it.

Front 22

Sargon

Back 22

ruled from about 2334 B.C. to 2279 B.C., was the most powerful Akkadian king. He established a great empire that reached as far west as the Mediterranean Sea.

Front 23

Hammurabi

Back 23

came to power in Babylon. He conquered most of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. was known for the Hammurabi
code

Front 24

Nebuchadnezzar

Back 24

The Chaldeans took control of much of the territory that the Assyrians had ruled. Under the leadership of

Front 25

Cyrus

Back 25

the Great rebelled against the Medes. then captured Babylon and took over the rest of the Fertile Crescent and Asia Minor.

Front 26

Zoroaster

Back 26

Then, in about 600 B.C., the teachings of a great prophet or Zarathushtra, changed their religious outlook.

Front 27

barter

Back 27

Exchange of one good or service for another.

Front 28

commodities

Back 28

Goods that have value, especially relating to barter economies

Front 29

money economy

Back 29

Economic system based on the use of money as a measure of value and a unit of account.

Front 30

Phoenician alphabet

Back 30

Alphabet developed by the Phoenicians that became the model for later Western alphabets

Front 31

covenant

Back 31

Solemn agreement

Front 32

ethical monotheism

Back 32

Religion believing in one god, emphasizing ethics.

Front 33

Abraham

Back 33

the founder of the Hebrew people was

Front 34

Twelve Tribes of Israel

Back 34

Twelve sons of Abraham’s grandson Jacob (Israel), from whom modern Jews trace their heritage.

Front 35

Moses

Back 35

The Hebrews were led out of slavery by a great leader

Front 36

Exodus

Back 36

Escape of the Hebrews from Egypt.

Front 37

Saul

Back 37

the first king of this united kingdom called Israel was

Front 38

David

Back 38

Saul was succeeded by , who formed a new dynasty. occupied the city of Jerusalem, making it a capital and religious center.

Front 39

Solomon

Back 39

Solomon sought to build peaceful, cooperative relations with the other leading powers of the region

Front 40

Torah

Back 40

Jewish scriptures that include the first five books of the Old Testament of the Bible.

Front 41

Judeo-Christian ethics

Back 41

Values first established by the Hebrews that contribute greatly to Western civilization.