Chapter 2 Research Ethics (Psy 300 Lect)

Front 1

The Research Process

Back 1

1. Research Idea

2. Literature Review

3. Theoretical Formulation of the Research Problem

4. Empirical Research Questions (Operationalization)

5. Research Design (Planning)

6. Data Collection

7. Data Analysis

8. Answering the empirical research questions.

9. Theoretical interpretation of the results.

10. Comparison with earlier research

11. Conclusions.

Front 2

Selecting a Problem

Back 2

1. Look at completed research

2. Find a cursory review of theories

3. Observe

4. Base ideas on practical problems.

Front 3

SSCI

Back 3

Social Science Citation Index

Front 4

SCI

Back 4

Science Citation Index

Front 5

Abstract

Back 5

Describes the problem under investigation and the purpose of the study.

Front 6

Method

Back 6

Describes how the study was conducted.

Front 7

Methods of Subsections

Back 7

1. Subjects - description of of the subjects and how they were obtained.

2. Materials - describes any testing materials used.

3. Apparatus - describes any test materials used.

4. Procedure - summarizes each step in the execution of the research

Front 8

Results

Back 8

1. Summarizes data and type of statistics used

2. Reported with respect to the variables measured and/or manipulated

3. Does not include an explanation of results.

Front 9

Discussion

Back 9

1. Restatement of predictions

2. Relationship between the results and past research.

3. Criticisms of the Study

4. Implications for future research.

Front 10

Problems with Milgrams Obedience Experiment

Back 10

1. Deception was used

2. No informed Consent

3. Concealed identities

Front 11

Levels of Ethical Risk

Back 11

1. No Risk

2. Minimal Risk Research

3. Full Review Research

Front 12

IRB

Back 12

Institutional Review Board - A review committee established to review proposed research for ethical considerations.

1. At least 5 individuals

2. 1 "Outside" person

3. Sometimes education requirements.

Front 13

No Risk Research

Back 13

1. Exempt from IRB

Examples - use of educational tests,

surveys and observations of public behavior (Except if subjects are identified)

Archival research using data

Front 14

Minimal Risk Research

Back 14

1. Does not involve any danger to subjects.

2. Studies of cognitions and perception that do not involve stress

3. Fully informed consent is generally not necessary.

Front 15

Full Review Research

Back 15

Research that may involve:

1. Physical, Psychological stress

2. Invasion of privacy

3. Measures of sensitive information

Requires full review by an IRB

Front 16

Cost Benefit Analysis

Back 16

Costs - Potential risk to participants

Benefits - Direct benefits to participants

To science

To society.

Front 17

When is informed consent not possible or necessary ?

Back 17

Observation in naturalistic setting

Study about websites

Front 18

Two types of Deception

Back 18

Mislead participants about the nature of the study.

Fail to fully disclose all aspects of the study.

Front 19

Alternatives to Deception

Back 19

1. Role Playing

2. Honest Studies

3. Simulation Studies

Front 20

Debriefing

Back 20

Inform participants about

The research questions being addressed

Why deception, if used, was necessary.

Front 21

APA General Ethical Principles

Back 21

1. Beneficence

2. Responsibility

3. Integrity

4. Justice

5. Respect for the rights and dignity of others.

Front 22

Informed Consent

Back 22

form given to individuals before they participate in a study to inform them of the general nature of the study and to obtain their consent to participate.

Front 23

Example of Standards in Research with Human Subjects

Back 23

Nazi Doctors used Jews for inhumane

Tuskegee syphilis Study

Front 24

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Back 24

Examined the course of disease in untreated individuals

Aprox 400 black men

Front 25

Milgrams Purpose

Back 25

Study obedience to authority

Front 26

Milgram's Research Question

Back 26

What motivates the unethical acts of ordinarily decent people.

Front 27

Milgriams findings

Back 27

Most people deliver the shock

60-65% of participants deliver shocks to 450 volts

No subjects stopped before administering 300 volts.

Front 28

Belmont Report

Back 28

1. Beneficence

2. Respect for persons

3. Justice

Front 29

Beneficence

Back 29

Maximize benefits & minimize harm

Front 30

Respect for Persons

Back 30

Autonomy - Participants must be able to make their own decisions.

Front 31

Justice

Back 31

Receive benefits of research as well as accepting the risks.

Front 32

Levels of Ethical Risk

Back 32

1. No Risk Research

2. Minimal Risk Research

3. Full review Research

Front 33

No Risk Research

Back 33

1. Exempt from IRB

2. Studying educational practices

3. Surveys and observation of public behavior except when autonomy might be compomised

4. Archival Research using existing data

Front 34

Minimal Risk Research

Back 34

1. Do not involve any danger to subjects

2. Studies of cognition and perception

3. Full informed consent is generally not necessary, but debriefing and other ethical concerns are important.

Front 35

Full Review Research

Back 35

Requires full review by an IRB; special ethical procedures may be imposed.

Front 36

Parts of a study

Back 36

1. Consent

2. Questionnaire or Experiment

3. Debriefing

Front 37

Consent Form

Back 37

1. Printed for Participant to read

2. Written in simple, plain english

3. Conversation like