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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Atomic mass |
Sum of protons and neutrons |
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What are atoms distinguished by? |
Atomic number (number of protons) |
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What atoms make up all life |
CHONPS Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Sulfur |
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Isotope |
Has the same number of protons but different number of electrons and therefore a different mass number |
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Three types of bonds |
Ionic Covalent Hydrogen |
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Ionic bond |
1. Formed by atoms gaining or losing electrons 2. Result in a strong attraction between positive and negative charges |
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Covalent bonds |
1. Form when atoms share electrons 2. Carbon bonds with hydrogen to form organic molecules |
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Nonpolar covalent bonds |
Equal sharing of electrons |
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Polar covalent bonds |
Unequal sharing of electrons One atom more electronegative than other |
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Hydrogen bonds |
Weak Hydrogen atom in polar molecule attracted to electronegative atom in same or another pair of molecules The more hydrogen bonds you have, the stronger they are |
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Which bonds require a catalyst to break |
Covalent |
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Water |
Polar molecule Makes up most of cell |
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Water is an excellent ______ |
Solvent because of its polar nature Dissolved polar and charged compounds |
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Hydrophilic |
Water loving |
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Hydrophobic |
Water fearing |
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What kind of water boils at higher temps |
Water with dissolved substances |
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What are the four major classes of organic molecules |
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids |
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Macromolecules |
Large molecules |
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Polymers |
Made by joining subunits called monomers |
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Dehydration synthesis |
The process of forming polymers (removes water) |
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Hydrolysis |
Reverse of dehydration synthesis |
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Carbohydrates |
Sugars and starches Energy source and storage Componenent of DNA/RNA Storage of carbon Structural component of cell |
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Monosaccharides |
Basic single unit of a carbohydrate |
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Disaccharides |
Two monosaccharides that are joined by a covalent bond via dehydration synthesis |
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Polysaccharides |
Chain of monosaccharides. Often made from glucose Structural diversity from branching linkages |
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What are the characteristics of lipids? What are they soluble in? |
Nonpolar hydrophobic
Soluble in organic solvents
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Simple lipids |
Contain hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen |
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Structure of a simple lipid (fat) |
Glycerol linked to a fatty acid via dehydration synthesis |
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Two groups of fatty acids |
Saturated Unsaturated |
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Saturated fatty acids |
No double bond
Tails packed tightly so that they are solid at room temperature |
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Unsaturated |
Double bonds Kinks prevent tight packing so that they are liquid at room temperature (oils) |
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Phospholipid structure |
Contain a phosphate group linked to a polar tail
Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
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Lipid bilayer |
Made up of Phospholipids. Polar heads oriented towards aqueous environment. Make up cytoplasmic membrane |
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Six important protein functions |
1. Catalyse reactions 2. Transport molecules 3. Move cells 4. Provide cellular framework 5. Sense conditions outside of cell 6. Regulate gene expression |
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Amino acids |
Form proteins |
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What do protein characteristics depend upon? |
Shape, which depends on amino acid sequence |
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What common structure do amino acids share? |
1. Simple carbon, carboxyl, amino group 2. Side chain (R group) that differs |
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What are amino acids characterized by? |
Side chains (R groups) |
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What holds amino acids together? |
Peptide bonds |
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What are the determinants of protein structure? |
1. Hydrogen bonding 2. Polar groups 3. Nonpolar groups 4. Covalent bonds |
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What do nucleic acids do? |
Carry generic information on a sequence of nucleotides |
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DNA |
Deoxyribose nucleic acid Deoxyribose (sugar) Nucleobase Phosphate group |
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What are the nucleobases (nucleotides) |
Purines: Adenine, guanine Pyrimidines: Cytosine, thymine |
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Structure of nucleic acids |
Linear chain of nucleotides Covalent bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next |
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DNA base pairing is ______ |
Complementary AT CG |
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RNA |
Single stranded
Sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose U instead of T |
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
Energy currency of cell Releases energy to drive cellular processes ATP---->ADP+P1 |
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Carbon bonds with hydrogen to form ______________ |
Organic compounds |
