Chapter 2 Evolution Of Major Programming Languages

Front 1

Zuse's Plankalkül

Back 1

Designed 1945, published 1972

Never implemented

Advanced data structures (floating point, arrays, records)

Invariants

Front 2

What's wrong with machine codes?

Back 2

Poor readability

Poor modifiability

Expression coding was tedious

Machine deficiencies (no indexing or floating point)

Front 3

Pseudocodes: Short code

Back 3

Mauchly - 1949

BINAC computers

Expressions were coded, left to right

Front 4

Pseudocodes: Speedcoding

Back 4

Backus - 1954

IBM 701

Slow

Front 5

Pseudocodes: Related Systems

Back 5

- UNIVAC Compiling System

Grace Hopper

Pseudocodes to machine code

- David J Wheeler

Blocks of relocatable addresses - for absolute addressing

Front 6

Fortran

Back 6

Fotran 0: 1954 - not implemented

Fortran 1: 1957

Idea of compiled programming languages

Front 7

Environment of development: Fortran

Back 7

Computers were small and unreliableApplications were scientificNo prog methodology or toolsMachine efficiency: concern

Front 8

Design Process: Fortran

Back 8

No need for dynamic storage

Need good array handling and counting loops

No string handling, decimal arithmetic, or powerful i/o

Front 9

Fortran II

Back 9

1958

Fixed bugs

Independent compilation

Front 10

Fortran IV

Back 10

1960-62

Explicit type declarations

Logical selection statement

Subprogram names as parameters

ANSI standard 1966

Front 11

Fortran 77

Back 11

New standard in 1978

Character string

Logical loop (if then else)

Front 12

Fortran 90

Back 12

Modules

Dynamic arrays

Pointers

Recursion

Case statement

Parameter type checking

Front 13

Latest versions

Back 13

Fortran 95 - minor additions and deletions

Fortran 2003

Front 14

Fortran Evaluation

Back 14

Highly optimizing compilers (before 90)

Dramatically changed the way computers are used

Lingua franca of the computing world

Front 15

Functional Programming: LISP

Back 15

LISt Processing language - MIT, McCarthy

Process data in lists (arrays)

Symbolic computation (numberic)

Only 2 data types: Atoms and lists

Syntax based on lambda calculus

Front 16

LISP Evaluation

Back 16

Pioneered functional programming

- no need for variables or assignments

Dominant language for AI

COMMON LISP & Scheme - dialects

ML, Miranda and Haskell - related

Front 17

Scheme

Back 17

MIT - mid 1970s

Small

Excessive use of static scoping

Functions: first-class entities

Simple Syntax + small size - for educational applications

Front 18

COMMON LISP

Back 18

Combination of features of dialects of LISP

Large, complex

Front 19

1st Step towards sophistication: ALGOL 60

Back 19

Environment of development

Languages were being developed for specific machines

No portable language, machine dependent

No universal language for algos

ALGOL 60 - result to design a universal language

Front 20

ALGOL 58

Back 20

ACM and GAMM - 4 days meet

Concept of type was formalized

No I/O - magising machine dependent

Support was dropped 1959 IBM

Front 21

ALGOL 60

Back 21

Modified ALGOL 58. 6 day meet

No I/O and string handling

Front 22

ALGOL 60 Evaluation

Back 22

+

Standard way to publish algos for 20++ years

Imperative languages are based on it

First machine independent language

First language whose Syntax was formally defined (BNF)

-

Never widely used, US

Lack of I/O, too flexible, hard to implement, lack of support from IBM, formal Syntax descriptuon

Front 23

Computerizing Business Records: COBOL (Common business-oriented language)

Back 23

Based on FLOW-MATIC

First macro facility in a high-level language

Hierarchical data structures (records)

First language required by Dept of Defense

Still the most widely used business applications language

Front 24

Timesharing: BASIC

Back 24

Kemeny & Kurtz - Dartmouth

Visual BASIC

First widely used language with timesharing

Front 25

PL/I

Back 25

5 months: 3 x 3, IBM and SHARE

New Prog Lang -> PL/1

Extension of Fortran IV

First unit-level concurrency, exception handling, pointer data type, array cross sections

Many new features poor design

Too large and complex

Front 26

2 Early Dynamic Languages

Back 26

APL (A Programming Language)

Hardware description language - IBM - Ken Iverson 1960

Highly expressive, program difficult to read

SNOBOL (String oriented symbolic language)

Powerful for string pattern matching

String manipulation lang - Bell Labs

No longer used for writing editors

Front 27

Data Abstraction: SIMULA 67 (simulation language)

Back 27

System simulation

Based ALGOL 60 and SIMULA 1

Primary contributions:

Coroutines - subprogram

Classes, objects and inheritance

Front 28

Orthogonal Design: ALGOL 68

Back 28

User-defined data structures

Reference types

Dynamic arrays (flex arrays)

Less usage than ALGOL 60

Strong influence on Pascal, C, Ada

Front 29

Pascal

Back 29

1971, Wirth (ALGOL 68 mem)

Teaching structural programming

Small simple

Mid 1970s - late 1990s - most widely used for teaching programming

Front 30

C

Back 30

1972. Bell Labs - Dennis Richie

Evolved from BCLP, B, ALGOL 68

Powerful set of operators, poor type checking

Spread through UNIX

Many areas of apllivation

Front 31

Prolog (programming logic)

Back 31

Based on formal logic

Non-procedural

Intelligent database system uses inferencing process

Highly inefficient, small application areas

Front 32

History's largest design effort: Ada

Back 32

Hundreds of people, much money, 8 years

Augusta Ada Byron - first programmer

Competitive design

Included everything

First compilers were difficult

Front 33

Ada 95

Back 33

1988

Support for OOP type derivation

Don't need u bye - DoD

I'm more popular than u - C++

Front 34

OOP: Smalltalk

Back 34

First full implementation of OOP

Pioneered GUI design

Promoted OOP

Front 35

C++

Back 35

Evolved from C and SIMULA 67

Provides exception handling

OOP and Imperative

ANSI approved in November 1997

Front 36

OOP: Eiffel and Delphi

Back 36

Eiffel 1992

Smaller and simpler C++

Lol I'm more popular - C++

Delphi

Pascal plus support OOP

More elegant and safer than C++

Front 37

Java

Back 37

@ Sun in early 1990s

Based on C++

Supports only OOP

Eliminated unsafe features

Widely used for web programming

Use increased faster than any previous language

Front 38

Scripting Languages for the Web

Back 38

Perl

JavaScript (similar Syntax lang to Java)

PHP - hypertext preprocessor

Python

Lua

Ruby - Japan (Yukihito Matsumoto), replacement for Perl and Python

Front 39

C#

Back 39

.NET dev platform 200

Based on C++, Java and Delphi

Component-based software dev

Common Type System (CTS) -common class library

Front 40

Markup/Programming Hybrid Languages

Back 40

XSLT (eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformation) - transforms XML docs for display

* XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

JSP (Java Server Pages) - collection of tech to support dynamic web docu

- servlet: Java program that resides on a web server

Front 41

Summary

Back 41

Dev, dev environment, and evaluation of a number of important prog lang

Perspective into current issues in language design