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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Matter |
anything that takes up space and has mass |
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Element |
pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind |
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How many elements in human body? Four main Elements? Percent? Nine other? Percent? |
26 elements Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, 96.3% Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Sulfur, Iron, Iodine, 3.7% |
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Atom |
Tiny particles that make up elements |
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Proton (where?) |
positively charged particle found in nucleus |
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Neutrons (where?) |
uncharged particle in nucleus |
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Electron (where?) |
negatively charged particle found in surrounding nucleus in electron cloud |
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Atomic Number |
number of protons in an atom |
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Atomic Mass |
Amount of Protons & Neutrons |
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Inner most electron shell can hold ___ electrons while the next shells can hold up to ___ electrons |
2, 8 |
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Isotopes |
Atoms of same element whose nuclei contain different # of electrons |
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Radioactive Isotopes Problems? Helpful Uses? |
Unstable isotopes that emit radiation. Cancer causing. Medical Imaging (PET scanning) and diagnosis of certain diseases and cancer. |
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Molecule |
Specific grouping of atoms that are stable |
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Compound |
Type of molecule formed by different types of atoms |
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Chemical Reaction |
The process of sharing electrons |
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Ionic Bond |
Atoms giving up or accepting of electrons to form a bond. (Cations and Antions) |
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Covalent Bond |
Sharing electrons to form a bond. They are the most common and strongest chemical bonds in the body. |
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Ion |
An atom that has either given up or gained one or more electron |
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Cation |
Atoms giving up an electron, so it has a positive charge. (Cats have paws...pawsitive) |
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Anion |
Atoms gaining an electron, so it has a negative charge. |
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Valence Electrion |
Electron on the outside shell (Valence shell) |
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Non-Polar Covalent Bond |
A covalent bond where the two atoms share the electrons equally. |
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Polar Covalent Bond |
A covalent bond where the two atoms share unequally |
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Hydrogen Bond |
When the hydrogens atoms in one water molecule are attracted to oxygen atoms of another water molecule. |
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When molecules are formed the reaction is an _____________ recaction. Molecules can be taken apart by ___________ reactions. |
anabolic, decompostion |
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Dehydration Synthesis |
When joining molecules together to make more complex molecules, a molecule of water is taken away. |
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Hydolysis |
Breaking a complex molecule apart by adding a molecule of water |
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Catabolic |
Releases Energy |
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Anabolic |
Uses Energy |
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Enzymes (9 points) |
- lowers activation energy - specific to one type of reaction - if we had no enzymes we wouldn't survive - Reusable... change shape for reaction and then change back - Carefully regulated by the cell. Enzymes can be turned on or off, by changing shape - They are all proteins - They often end in '-ase' (-ase always means enzyme) -Very efficient - can speed up metabolic reactions up to 10 billion times - Have saturation limits, which depends on substrate concentration
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Functions vs. Properties |
in many body systems, you will encounter a list of properties, and a list of functions. Be careful not to mix them up when asked on a test. Remember that functions are the purpose, while properties are a description |
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Cofactor |
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is required for the protein's biological activity. These proteins are commonly enzymes, and cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations. |
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Two main classes of compounds and descriptions
Three compounds that contain ___ that are not organic? |
Inorganic molecules - quite small, dont contain carbon and the atoms that make them are joined by ionic or covalent bonds
Organic molecules - contain carbon & hydrogen as the basis of their structure
CO2, H2CO3, HCO3 |
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4 reasons why water is unique |
1. Solubility 2. Reactive 3. Lubricaton 4. High Heat Capacity |
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Two classification of solvents |
polar (hydrophilic), non-polar (lipophillic)
Rule of thumb. Like disolves like:
Polar solvents (e.g. water, vinegar) disolve polar compounds
Non-polar solvents (e.g. hexane) dissolve non-polar compounds
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Electrolytes |
An electrolyte is a substance that ionizes when dissolved in suitable ionizing solvents such as water. This includes most soluble salts, acids, and bases. |
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Acid |
solute that dissociates & releases hydrogen ions
HCL -> H+ + Cl- |
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Base |
solute that removes hydrogen ions from solution
NaOH -> Na+ + OH- |
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Salt |
ionic compound with any cation & anion except: H+ and OH- |
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Buffer |
protects against a change in pH. It works by removing H+ ions from a solution when levels of H+ ions increase, or by putting back H+ when levels of H+ ions fall
example: H20 + CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3- |
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency of living things. It temporarily stores energy in it bonds, and then transfers that energy to reactions that need it
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2.9 of Lecture Notes - possibly grab from lab monomers, polymers and important macromolecules |
2.9 of Lecture Notes - possibly grab from lab |
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Lipids |
Fats, oils, waxes. Insoluble in water, but soluble in other lipids |
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Triglycerides |
molecules that store fat in our adipose cells. provide energy when needed. Composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
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Phospholipids |
similar 5to triglycerides but have 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to the glycerol backbone |
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Steriods |
1. Involved in regulation of sexual function (testosterone & estrogen) 2. Regulation of tissue metabolism & mineral balance 3. Processing of dietary fats 4. Maintain plasma membranes and helps with cell growth and division |
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properties of water
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solubility - acts as a solvent
reactive - participates in many chemical reactions lubrication - salva, synovial fluid high heat capacity - allows it to regulate temperature |
