Chapter 2-Cells

Front 1

Apical

Back 1

upper surface of the cell

Front 2

basal

Back 2

lower surface that epithelial cell rests on which is attached to an basement membrane

Front 3

lateral

Back 3

sides surface of the cell

Front 4

Cell (plasma) membrane

Back 4

Surface boundry of cell; serves as external cell barrier and provides a selectively permeable membrane

Front 5

Cell (plasma) membrane

Back 5

Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

Front 6

Cell (plasma) membrane

Back 6

Functions include physical isolation, sensitivity and recognition, structural support, control of transport in and out of cell

Front 7

Cytoplasm

Back 7

General term for material inside the cell located between the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane

Front 8

Cytoplasm-4 items that it consists of?

Back 8

Consists of cytosol(intracellular fluid and dissolved solutes), inclusions, cytoskeleton and organelles(metabolic machinery of cells)

Front 9

Nucleus

Back 9

Largest organelle, surrounded by nuclear envelope, containing nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin

Front 10

Nucleus

Back 10

Stores genetic information to control synthesis of approx. 100,000 different proteins; control center for cellular operations.

Front 11

1. Cell (plasma) membrane

Components:

Back 11

•Phospholipids-Polar head with phosphate group, charged and hydrophilic(water loving); Nonpolar lipid tail(two fatty acids), uncharged and hydrophobic(water hating)
•Cholesterol-lipids embedded in membrane, stabilizes lipid bilayer
•Membrane Carbohydrates(glycolipids)-branched sugar molecules attached to phospholipids or proteins in the lipid bilayer; aid in cell recognition and communication; form Glycocalyx “sugar covering”
•Proteins-two types, integral and peripheral
Integral proteins-firmly inserted into lipid bilayer, most are transmembrane
Peripheral proteins- loosely attached to inner or outer layer via membrane lipids and/or proteins

Front 12

Integral proteins

Back 12

firmly inserted into lipid bilayer, most are transmembrane

Front 13

Peripheral proteins

Back 13

loosely attached to inner or outer layer via membrane lipids and/or proteins

Front 14

Microvilli

Back 14

“little shaggy hairs”, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane supported by microfilaments; increase surface area of plasma membrane; brush border at apical cell surface

Front 15

Cilia

Back 15

long, hairlike surface extension; primary, non motile cilia common in sensory organs; motile cilia widespread in respiratory tract-move in waves to generate fluid currents

Front 16

Flagella

Back 16

-long, solitary, motile cilia; only functional flagella in humans is whiplike tail of the male gamete(sperm)

Front 17

Attachments between cells(intercellular junctions):

Back 17

• Tight Junctions
• Desmosomes
• Gap Junctions

Front 18

Tight Junctions

Back 18

form impermeable junction, prevent molecules from passing between adjacent cell in an epithelium, hold cells together like a “zipper”; seals off intercellular space and makes it difficult for substances to pass between the cells

Front 19

Desmosomes

Back 19

anchoring junctions, mechanical couplings between cells to hold them together, holds cells together like a “snap”; keep cells from pulling apart and thus enable a tissue to resist mechanical stress

Front 20

Gap Junctions

Back 20

communication between cells, allows chemical messengers to rapidly pass between cell

Front 21

Cytosol-

Back 21

intracellular fluid in which cytoplasm elements are suspended(e.g. water, salts, sugars, proteins). It is a complex mixture with properties of both true suspension and colloid

Front 22

Inclusions

Back 22

large storage particles of chemical substances (e.g. lipid droplets, glycogen granules, pigment (melanin) granuals); any visible object in the cytoplasm of a cell other than an organelle or cytoskeletal element

Front 23

Organelles

Back 23

“little organs”, metabolic machinery of cell; two types-membranouse and nonmembranous

Front 24

• Mitochondria

Back 24

contain enzymes that synthesize ATP; sites of cellular respiration; complex organelle with own DNA and RNA and capable of division

Front 25

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 25

network of interconnecting tubes and channels formed by parallel membranes within cytosol

Front 26

o Rough ER

Back 26

embedded with ribosomes, protein synthesis and membrane factory

Front 27

o Smooth ER

Back 27

enzymes located here catalyze reactions involved in lipid metabolism, lipid and steroid synthesis, drug detoxification

Front 28

• Golgi Apparatus

Back 28

directs traffic of protein made at the RER; modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles

Front 29

• Lysosomes

Back 29

spherical membranous bags containing enzymes for digestion of substances within cells “demolition crews” of cell

Front 30

Peroxisomes-

Back 30

membranous sacs containing powerful oxidases and catalyses important for detoxification; neutralize dangerous free radicals

Front 31

Ribosomes

Back 31

sites of protein synthesis, composed of ribosomal RNA; Free ribosomes float freely in cytoplasm and specifically synthesize soluble proteins that function in cytosol

Front 32

Cytoskeleton

Back 32

“cell skeleton” acts as bones, muscles, and ligaments of a cell; with 3 major components:

Front 33

Cytoskeleton
3 major components?

Back 33

o Microtubules-
o Microfilaments
o Intermediate Filaments

Front 34

Microtubules-

Back 34

determine overall shape of cell and arrangement of organelles; provides cell strength and rigidity; hollow tubules constructed out of tubulin protein

Front 35

Microfilaments

Back 35

involved in cell motility, intracellular movement and cell shape(e.g. actin and myosin contractile proteins); thinnest filaments

Front 36

Intermediate Filaments

Back 36

internal guy wires, most stable and permanent of the cytoskeletal elements; contribute to the formation of desmosomes

Front 37

Centrioles

Back 37

short, cylindrical assembly of microtubules; organize mitotic spindle; form base of attachment for cilia and flagella

Front 38

Nucleus
3 Components?

Back 38

• Nuclear envelope
• Nucleoli
• Chromatin

Front 39

Nuclear envelope

Back 39

double membrane surrounding nucleus; encloses fluid component of nucleus called nucleoplasm which contains dissolved salts, nutrients, etc; chemical communication between nucleus and cytosol occurs through nuclear pores

Front 40

Nucleoli

Back 40

spherical bodies within the nucleus. Sites where ribosomes are manufactured and assembled

Front 41

Chromatin

Back 41

composed of DNA and histone proteins. Chromatin threads coil and condense into chromosomes; nuclei contain 23 pairs of chromosomes

Front 42

G1 phase

Back 42

normal cell functions; cell growth, duplication of organelles; interval(gap) between cell division and DNA synthesis

Front 43

S phase

Back 43

DNA replication and synthesis of histones

Front 44

G2 phase

Back 44

synthesis of proteins that control mitosis and cytokinesis; interval between DNA synthesis and cell division

Front 45

M phase

Back 45

mitosis and cytokinesis; replication of nucleus and division of cytoplasm into two daughter cells

Front 46

G0 phase

Back 46

cell exits cell cycle for a “rest” phase

Front 47

Name the 6 major components of a generalized human cell?

Back 47

Plasma membrane
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
nucleoplasm
organelles
inclusions

Front 48

They cytoplasm consists of a fluid called________, __________, ___________, & _________

Back 48

Cytosol, inclusions, organelles, cytoskeleton

Front 49

Cell membranes are described as a double layer of ______________ molecules with ______________ molecules and integral and peripheral ______________ dispersed within it.

Back 49

phopholipid
cholesterol
proteins

Front 50

Which part of the phospholipid molecule constitues the:
Hydrophobic region?
Hydrophilic region?

Back 50

Fatty acid tails
Polar Head

Front 51

Six functions of the plasma membrane?

Back 51

receptors
enzymes
channel proteins
cell identity markers
cell adhesion molecules
carriers
structural

Front 52

What types of molecules can diffuse through the plasma membrane without assistance?

Back 52

Small uncharged lipid soluble molecules

Front 53

Passive or Active?
Diffusion

Back 53

passive

Front 54

Passive or Active?
Osmosis

Back 54

Passive

Front 55

Passive or Active?
Facilitated Diffusion

Back 55

passive

Front 56

Passive or Active?
Soute Pumps

Back 56

active

Front 57

Passive or Active?
Exo/Endocytosis

Back 57

active

Front 58

What crosses the membrane?
Diffusion

Back 58

solutes and water

Front 59

What crosses the membrane?
Osmosis

Back 59

Water

Front 60

What crosses the membrane?
facilitated diffuision

Back 60

Solute

Front 61

What crosses the membrane?
Solute Pumps

Back 61

solute

Front 62

What crosses the membrane?
Exo/Endocytosis

Back 62

Soulute and water

Front 63

Follows or moves against a concentration gradient?
Diffusion

Back 63

follows

Front 64

Follows or moves against a concentration gradient?
Osmosis

Back 64

follows

Front 65

Follows or moves against a concentration gradient?
Facilitated Diffusion

Back 65

Follows

Front 66

Follows or moves against a concentration gradient?
Solute Pumps

Back 66

Against

Front 67

Follows or moves against a concentration gradient?
Exo/Endocytosis

Back 67

Either

Front 68

Requires ATP?
Diffusion

Back 68

No

Front 69

Requires ATP?
Osmosis

Back 69

No

Front 70

Requires ATP?
Faciliated Diffusion

Back 70

No

Front 71

Requires ATP?
Solute Pumps

Back 71

Yes

Front 72

Requires ATP?
Exo/Endocytosis

Back 72

Yes

Front 73

Requires carrier proteins?
Diffusion

Back 73

no

Front 74

Requires carrier proteins?
Osmosis

Back 74

no

Front 75

Requires carrier proteins?
Faciliated Diffusion

Back 75

yes

Front 76

Requires carrier proteins?
Solute Pumps

Back 76

yes

Front 77

Requires carrier proteins?
Exo/Endocytosis

Back 77

yes

Front 78

Hypertonic means?

Back 78

More solute
Less water

Front 79

Hypotonic means?

Back 79

Less Solute
More Water

Front 80

For Diffusion to occur there must be a _____________-?

Back 80

Conentration gradient

Front 81

smooth ER

Back 81

lipid and steriod synthesis

Front 82

inclusions

Back 82

lipid droplets, glycogen granules

Front 83

gap junctions

Back 83

rapid chemical communication

Front 84

desmosomes

Back 84

anchoring juntions between cells

Front 85

gogli

Back 85

packages proteins into vesicles

Front 86

chromatin

Back 86

loosely coiled DNA and histones

Front 87

Cytosol

Back 87

intracellular fluid

Front 88

cytoskeleton

Back 88

internal protein framework

Front 89

microvilli

Back 89

increase cell surface area

Front 90

ribosomes

Back 90

organelle for protein synthesis

Front 91

mitochondria

Back 91

cell respiration, ATP production

Front 92

lysosomes

Back 92

digestive enzymes

Front 93

nucleus

Back 93

control center for cell operations

Front 94

chromosomes

Back 94

supercoiled chromatin

Front 95

nucleoli

Back 95

synthesis of ribosomes

Front 96

centrioles

Back 96

organize mitotic spindle