Chapter 2: Body Organization

Front 1

LEVELS OF THE BODY

Back 1

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Body

Front 2

Cell

Back 2

basic unit of life

Front 3

Tissues

Back 3

group of identical cells working together

Front 4

Organs

Back 4

composed of two or more types of tissues

Front 5

Systems

Back 5

collections of organs working together

Front 6

Body

Back 6

all systems working together to sustain life

Front 7

Adip/o

Back 7

fat

Front 8

Anter/o

Back 8

front

Front 9

Brachi/o

Back 9

arm

Front 10

Caud/o

Back 10

tail

Front 11

Cephal/o

Back 11

head

Front 12

Cervic/o

Back 12

neck

Front 13

Chondr/o

Back 13

cartilage

Front 14

Crur/o

Back 14

leg

Front 15

Cyt/o

Back 15

cell

Front 16

Dist/o

Back 16

away from

Front 17

Dors/o

Back 17

back of body

Front 18

Hist/o

Back 18

tissue

Front 19

Infer/o

Back 19

below

Front 20

Later/o

Back 20

side

Front 21

Neur/o

Back 21

nerve

Front 22

Oste/o

Back 22

bone

Front 23

Poster/o

Back 23

back

Front 24

Proxim/o

Back 24

near to

Front 25

Somat/o

Back 25

body

Front 26

Super/o

Back 26

above

Front 27

Thorac/o

Back 27

chest

Front 28

Ventr/o

Back 28

belly

Front 29

CELLS

Back 29

the cell is the fundemental unit of all living things. Individual cels perform functions for the body such as reproduction, hormone secretion, energy production, and excreation. The study of cells is CYTOLOGY. No matter the difference in shape all cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.

Front 30

TISSUE

Back 30

Histology is the study if tissue. A tissue is formed when like cells are grouped together and function together to perform a specific activity. The body has 4 types of tissues: Muscle, Epithelial, Connective, and Nervous tissue.

Front 31

*Muscle Tissue*

Back 31

produces movement in the body throughout contraction, or shortening in lenght, and is composed of individual muscle cells called muscle fiber.Muscle tissue forms one o 3 types of muscles: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to the bone.Smooth is found in internal organs. Cardiac is only found in the heart.

Front 32

*Ephithelial Tissue*

Back 32

is found throughout the body and is composed of close packed cells that form the covering for a lining of the body. May specialize to absorb substances(nutrients), secretes substances(sweat glands), or excrete wastes.

Front 33

*Connective Tissue*

Back 33

is the supporting and protecting tissue in body structure. Bone provied structural support for the whole body.Cartilage is the shock absorber of the joints. Tendons tightly connect skeletal muscles to bones. Adipose provides protective padding around body structure.

Front 34

*Nervous Tissue*

Back 34

is composed cells called neurons. The tissue forms the brain, spinal cord and network of nerves throughout the entire body.

Front 35

ORGANS

Back 35

ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY

Front 36

Integumentary

Back 36

Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat Glands
Sebaceous Glands

Forms protective two-way barries and aids in temp regulation

Front 37

Musculoskeletal

Back 37

Bones
Joints
Muscles

Skeleton supports and protects the body, forms blood cells, and stores minerals. Muscle produce movement.

Front 38

Cardivascular

Back 38

Heart
Arteries
Veins

Pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes.

Front 39

Blood(Hematic System)

Back 39

Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

Transports oxygen, protects against pathogens, and controls bleeding.

Front 40

Respiratory

Back 40

Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchia Tubes
Lungs

Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body.

Front 41

Digestive or Gastrointestinal(GI)

Back 41

Chapter 8

Ingest, digest, and absorbs nutrients for the body.

Front 42

Urinary

Back 42

Kidney
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

Filters waste product out of the blood and removes them from the body.

Front 43

BODY PLANES

Back 43

BODY PLANES

Front 44

Anatomical Position

Back 44

Standing erect with the arms at the side of the body, the palms facing forward, and the eyes looking straight ahead.

Front 45

Sagittal Plane or Median Plane

Back 45

Runs lenght wise from frony to back and divides the body into left and right portions

^
L II R
II
II
V

Front 46

Frontal Plane or Coronal

Back 46

divides the body into front and back portions.

Front 47

Tranverse or Horizontal Plane

Back 47

divides the body into upper and lower portions

Front 48

BODY REGIONS

Back 48

Body Regions

Front 49

Brachial Region

Back 49

the Arms
UE=Upper Extremities

Front 50

Cephalic Region

Back 50

entire head

Front 51

Cervical Region

Back 51

the neck and connects the head to the trunk(torso)

Front 52

Crural Region

Back 52

the legs
LE=Lower Extremities

Front 53

Dorsum Region

Back 53

the back
posterior

Front 54

Thoracic Region

Back 54

the chest on the anteriorside

Front 55

The body can be divided into 4 major cavities

Back 55

2 Dorsals(back of body)
2 Ventrul(belly region)

Front 56

Dorsal Cavity

Back 56

include the cranial cavity containing the brain and spinal cavity containing the spinal cavity

Front 57

Ventral Cavity

Back 57

*Thoracic Cavity contains 2 lungs and a central region between them called the mediastinum, which include the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland.
*Abdominopelvic cavity is divided into a superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity

Front 58

CLINICAL DIVISION OF THE ABDOMEN

Back 58

CLINICAL DIVISION OF THE ABDOMEN

Front 59

Right Upper Quadrant(RUQ)

Back 59

contains majority of liver, gallbladder, small portain of pancreas, right kidney, small intestine and colon.

Front 60

RIght Lower Quadrant(RLQ)

Back 60

contains small intestine and colon, right ovary(female)and fallopian tube(female) appendix and right uretra

Front 61

Left Upper Quandrant(LUQ)

Back 61

contains small portain of liver,spleen, stomach, majority and pancreas, left kidney, small intestine, and colon.

Front 62

Left Lower Quandrant(LLQ)

Back 62

contains small intestines and colon, left ovary(female) and fallopian tube(female) and left ureter.

Front 63

TERMS FOR DESCRIBING BODY POSITIONS

Back 63

TERMS FOR DESCRIBING BODY POSITIONS

Front 64

Superior or Cephalic

Back 64

Up more towards the head or above another structure

Front 65

Inferior or Caudal

Back 65

Down more toward the feet or tail or below structures

Front 66

Anterior or Ventral

Back 66

Front more toward the front or belly side of the body

Front 67

Posterior or Dorsal

Back 67

Back more toward the back or spinal cord side of the body

Front 68

Medial

Back 68

refers to the middle or near the middle of the body or the structure

Front 69

Lateral

Back 69

refers to the side

Front 70

Proximal

Back 70

located nearer to the point of the attachement of body

Front 71

Distal

Back 71

located fartheraway from the point of attachement to the body

Front 72

Apex

Back 72

tip or summit of the organ

Front 73

Supine

Back 73

the body laying up

Front 74

Prone

Back 74

the body facing down

Front 75

ABBREVIATIONS

Back 75

CV-cardiovascular
ENT-ear, nose, and throat
GI-gastrointestinal
GYN-gynecology
LE-lower extremities(legs)
LLQ-left lower quadrant
LUQ-left upper quadrant
MS-musculoskeletal
RLQ-right lower quadrant
RUQ-right upper quadrant
UE-upper extremity(arms)