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79 Cards in this Set
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inorganic chemistry |
the study of the nature of atoms and molecules, with the exception of those that contain rings or chains of carbon |
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organic chemistry |
the study of carbon-containing molecules |
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matter |
anything that has mass and takes up space |
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atom |
the smallest functional unit of matter that forms all chemical substances and cannot be further broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical or physical means |
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element |
a substance composed of specific types of atoms that cannot be further broken down by ordinary chemical or physical means |
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proton |
a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons in an atom is called the atomic number and defines each type of element |
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neutron |
a neutral particle found in the center of an atom |
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electron |
a negatively charged particle found in the orbitals around the atomic nucleus |
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atomic nucleus |
the center of an atom; contains protons and neutrons |
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orbital |
the region surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the probability is high of finding a particular electron |
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energy shell |
in an atom, an energy level of electrons occupied by one or more orbitals; each energy level is a characteristic distance from the nucleus, with outer shells having more energy than inner shells |
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energy |
the ability to promote change or to do work |
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valence electron |
an electron in the outer shell of an atom that is available to combine with other atoms. Such electrons allow atoms to form chemical bonds with each other |
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atomic number |
the number of protons in an atom |
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atomic mass |
an atom's mass relative to the mass of other atoms. By convention, the most common form of carbon, which has six protons and six neutrons, is assigned an atomic mass of exactly 12 |
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orbital |
the region surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the probability is high of finding a particular electron |
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energy shell |
in an atom, an energy level of electrons occupied by one or more orbitals; each energy level is a characteristic distance from the nucleus, with outer shells having more energy than inner shells |
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energy |
the ability to promote change or to do work |
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valence electron |
an electron in the outer shell of an atom that is available to combine with other atoms. Such electrons allow atoms to form chemical bonds with each other |
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atomic number |
the number of protons in an atom |
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atomic mass |
an atom's mass relative to the mass of other atoms. By convention, the most common form of carbon which has six protons and six neutrons is assigned an atomic mass of exactly 12 |
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dalton (Da) |
a measure of atomic mass. One dalton equals one-twelfth the mass of a carbon atom |
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mole |
the amount of any substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon |
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avogadro's number |
as first described by Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro, 1 mole of any element contains the same number of atoms- 6.022 X 10^23 |
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isotope |
an element that exists in multiple forms that differ in the number of neutrons they contain |
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radioisotope |
an isotope found in nature that is inherently unstable and usually does not exist for long periods of time. Such isotopes decay and emit energy in the form of radiation |
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trace element |
an element that is essential for normal function in living organisms but is required in extremely small quantities |
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molecular formula |
a representation of a molecule that consists of the chemical symbols for all of the atoms present and subscripts that indicate how many of those atoms are present |
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compound |
a molecule composed of two or more different elements |
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covalent bond |
a chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons |
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octet rule |
the phenomenon that some atoms are most stable when their outer shell is full with eight electrons |
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double bond |
a bond that occurs when the atoms of a molecule share two pairs of electrons |
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electronegativity |
a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons to its outer shell from another atom |
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polar covalent bond |
a covalent bond between two atoms that have different electronegativities; the shared electrons are closer to the atom of higher electronegativity than the atom of lower electronegativity. This distribution of electrons around the atoms creates a polarity, or difference in electric charge, across the molecule |
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nonpolar covalent bond |
a strong bond formed between two atoms of similar electronegativities in which electrons are shared between the atoms |
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polar molecule |
a molecule containing significant numbers of polar bonds |
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nonpolar molecule |
a molecule composed predominantly of non polar bonds |
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hydrogen bond |
a weak chemical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom of a polar molecule and a partially negative atom of another polar molecule |
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enzyme |
a protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction in a cell |
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van der Waals forces |
attractive forces between molecules in close proximity to each other, caused by the variations in the distribution of electron density around individual atoms |
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cation |
an ion that has a net positive charge |
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anion |
an ion that has a net negative charge |
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ionic bond |
the bond that occurs when a cation binds to an anion |
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free radical |
a molecule containing an atom with a single, unpaired electron in its outer shell. A free radical is unstable and interacts with other molecules by removing electrons from the atoms |
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chemical reaction |
the formation and breaking of chemical bonds, resulting in a change in the composition of substances |
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reactant |
a substance that participates in a chemical reaction and becomes changed by that reaction |
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product |
the end result of a chemical reaction |
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chemical equilibrium |
a state in a chemical reaction in which the rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants |
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solute |
a substance dissolved in a liquid |
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solvent |
the liquid in which a solute is dissolved |
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solution |
a liquid that contains one or more dissolved solutes |
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aqueous solution |
a solution made with water |
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hydrophillic |
refers to ions and molecules that contain polar covalent bonds and will dissolve in water |
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hydrophobic |
refers to molecules that do not have partial charges and therefore are not attracted to water molecules. Such molecules are composed predominantly of carbon and hydrogen and are relatively insoluble in water |
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amphipathic |
molecule containing a hydrophobic (water-fearing) region and a hydrophilic (water-loving) region |
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micelle |
the sphere formed by long amphipathic molecules when they are mixed with water. In animals, micelles aid in the absorption of poorly soluble products during digestion |
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concentration |
the amount of a solute dissolved in a unit volume of solution |
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molecular mass |
the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule |
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molarity |
the number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1 L of water |
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molar |
a term used to describe a solution's molarity; a 1 molar solution contains 1 mole of a solute in 1 L of water |
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heat of vaporization |
the heat required to vaporize 1 mole of any substance at its boiling point under standard pressure |
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heat of fusion |
the amount of heat energy that must be withdrawn or released from a substance to cause it to change from the liquid to the solid state |
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colligative property |
a property of a solution that depends only on the concentration of solute molecules |
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hydrolysis reaction |
a chemical reaction that utilizes water to break apart molecules |
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condensation reaction |
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules are combined into one larger molecule by covalent bonding, with the loss of a small molecule |
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dehydration reaction |
a type of condensation reaction in which a molecule of water is lost |
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evaporation |
the transformation of water from the liquid to the gaseous state at normal temperature. Animals use evaporation as a means of losing excess body heat |
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specific heat |
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1*C |
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cohesion |
the ability of like molecules to noncovalently bind to each other; the attraction of water molecules for each other |
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adhesion |
the ability of two different substances to cling to each other; the ability of water to be attracted to, and thereby adhere to, a surface that is not electrically neutral |
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surface tension |
a measure of how difficult it is to break the interface between liquid and air |
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hydroxide ion |
an anion with the formula OH- |
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strong acid |
an acid that completely ionizes in solution |
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weak acid |
an acid that only partially ionizes in solution |
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base |
1. A molecule that when dissovled in water lowers the H+ concentration. 2. A component of nucleotides that is a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms |
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pH |
the mathematical expression of a solution's hydrogen ion concentration, defined as the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the H+ concentration |
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acidic |
a solution that has a pH below 7 |
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alkaline |
a solution that has a pH above 7 |
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buffer |
a compound that acts to minimize pH fluctuations in the fluids of living organisms. Buffer systems can raise or lower pH as needed |
