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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chemical energy
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energy stored in bonds between atoms within food molecules
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state of matter depends on __ and __.
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temp. and air pressure
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what can carbon bond with? what are 4 examples of carbon compounds?
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hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, other carbon(up to triple bonds). carbon comps include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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functional group
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small group of elements within an organic compound that determines the nature and function of the organic compound
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carbohydrates- what do they contain? how common are they?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. most common type of org. comp.
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what are carbohydrates made of?
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monosaccharides- glucose, fructose, galactose, etc.
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isomers
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molecules with the same chem. formula but with atoms in diff arrangements
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disaccharides
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2 monosaccharides bonded together
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simple sugars- what are they a name for? what do they provide? to what to they provide it?
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another name for mono and disaccharides, provide main energy source for living cells
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polysaccharides- what are they? what is another name for them? what do they do?
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2 or more monosach. bonded together(also called complex carbohydrates, they store energy, form structural tissues)
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lipids- what do they mostly contain?
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organic compounds that contain mostly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. contain fats and oils that consist of fatty acids
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what are saturated fatty acids? atom structure?
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all carbon atoms(except COOH carbon) are bonded to as many H atoms as possible(usually 2), forms straight chains, can be stored very densely
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what are unsaturated fatty acids? atom structure?
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some Carbon atoms arent bonded to as many H atoms as possible bc carbons bond to other groups, cause chains to bend
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what are trans fatty acids?
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unsaturated fatty acids manufactured to have straight chains by making them trans instead of cis, increase health risks
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triglycerides(lipid)
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main form of stored energy in animals(fat)
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phospholipids
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major component of membranes surrounding cells of all organisms
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steroids(lipid), what is their structure?
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act as chemical messengers, 4 fused carbon rings with other functional groups
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Essential fatty acids
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lipids that must be consumed in food
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Proteins- what do they contain? what are they made up of?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur. made up of amino acids.
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peptides
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short chains formed by amino acids
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polypeptides- how many of these are proteins made up of? what does the sequence of amino acids in these determine?
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longer chains(>40 amino acids), proteins made up of one or more polypeptide chain, sequence of amino acids determines structure and chemical properties
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functions of proteins
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1. provide shape for cells
2. make up majority of muscle tissue 3.provide enzymes that speed up chem reactions 4. destruct foreign substances int he body 5. help carry messages or materials in and out of cells or around the body |
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essential amino acids- how many?
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there are 8 out of 20 total amino acids. they have to be consumed in food.
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Nucleic acids- what do they contain? what are they made up of?
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contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus. made up of nucleotides
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what is the structure of nucleic acids?- what does each nucleotide unit have to contain? how are nucleotides structured?
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1 or 2 chains of nucleotides held tog. by chem bonds. each must have a base(containing nitrogen), a sugar(ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group(contains phosphorus). sugar of one bonds to next phosphate group(forms backbone), bases bind to sugars, stick out at 90 degree angles
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how many chains of nucleotides do RNA and DNA have?
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rna-1
dna-2 |
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What are the 4 types of bases? which switches between dna and rna? what are the partner pairs?
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cytosince, adenine, guanine, thymine(DNA), uracil(RNA). partners are C and G, A and T(or U)
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what are the reactants and products?
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reactants start a reaction, products are formed.
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what is the difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction? what are thes called in organisms? what do they do in organisms?
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exothermic-releases energy. in organisms, called catabolic reactions, break down molecules into smaller units.
endothermic- consume energy, called anabolic reactions, in organisms they construct mols from smaller units |
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what does activation energy do?
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starts a reaction
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what are the 3 things needed for a reaction to occur?
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1.reactant mols. must collide(need Kinetic energy)
2. more energy to move together 3. enough energy left to react |
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what 2 things make reactions occur faster?
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higher concentrations of reactants, higher temps.
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what does a catalyst do? what are they called in organisms and are they reusable? how do they work?
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speeds up chem reactions. in organisms they are called enzymes and are reusable. they lower the activation energy needed.
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what is polarity?
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difference in elec. charge between digg mol. parts
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what do hydrogen bonds cause?
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cohesion, water expanding when frozen bc molecules line up less efficiently
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what is the difference between a solute and a solvent in a solution?
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solute- dissolved substance
solvent- substance in which it is dissolved |
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what is acidity a measure of? how is acidity measured?
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hydronium ion concentration, measured in pH
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What does acid do to create hydronium ions? is it a hydrogen donor or reciever?
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bonds with water to create hydronium. hydrogen donor.
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What does a base do(having to do with hydronium ions)? is it a hydrogen ion donor or reciever?
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accepts H ions from hydronium, hydrogen reciever
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neutralization reactions- what does this form?
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base and acid cancel eachother out. form neutral sol. of water and a salt(a + and a - ion)
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metabolism
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sum of all body reactions
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cellular respiration- what kind or reaction?
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cells break down glucose in the presence of oxygen and release energy, H2O, and cO2. catabolic reaction.
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dehydration synthesis reaction
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mols combine to form a single, larger mol. and a mol. of water
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hydrolysis reaction
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adds water to an org. mol. and breaks the larger mol. into smaller mols.
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Carbohydrates provide _____ energy.
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quick, usable
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what are the monomers of carbohydrates? what are 3 examples and what else can these be classified as? what bonds connect these?
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monosaccharides- glucose(aldehyde, hexose), fructose(ketone, pentose), galactose(aldehyde, hexose); bonds are glycosidic
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what two monomers form maltose?
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glucose+glucose
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what two monomers form sucrose?
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glucose+fructose
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what two monomers form lactose?
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glucose+galactose
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what is amylose and amylopectin another name for? what is its purpose? how are they structured?
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starch; plant glucose storage; helix glucoses bonded by alpha bonds with branches
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what is the purpose of glycogen? where does it store the things it stores? what is its structure?
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animal and fungi glucose storage; stored in skeletal muscle and liver; glucoses linked by alpha bonds with branches every so often
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what is the purpose of cellulose? what is its structure?
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builds structures(plant cell walls); glucoses linked via glycosidic bonds-switches off between alpha and beta bonds, rows linked by hydrogen bonds
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what is the purpose of chitin? what is its structure?
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exoskeletons, fungi and algae cell walls; glucoses linked together-every other alpha and beta bonds, groups off top and bottom every other glucose
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What are the functional groups found in carbohydrates?
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aldehyde, keto, alcohol
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what elements are contained in carbs?
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C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
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what elements are contained in proteins?
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C, H, O, N, S
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what functional groups are contained in proteins?
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amine and carboxyl, sulfhydril(only in cystine)
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what does each amino acid contain? what makes each unique?
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a carboxyl, an amino, and the r-group makes it unique
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are the monomers of proteins polar or nonpolar?
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some polar, others nonpolar
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what is a complete protein? what do they come from?
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all 20 amino acids; animal sources
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what is an incomplete protein? what do they come from?
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lack 1 or more ESSENTIAL amino acid; plant sources
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what is the primary level of structure in proteins? what determines the sequence?
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polypeptide chains of amino acids; DNA
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what is the secondary structure of proteins? what holds it in place? what can break the bonds and what is that process called?
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alpha helix and beta pleat; hydrogen bonds; heat or change in pH can break them; called denaturation
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what is the tertiary structure of proteins? how are they arranged?
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globular- alpha helix/beta pleat twisted and folded. inside are nonpolar, outside are polar-based on reaction to water
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what is the quaternary structure of proteins?
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made up of 2 or more tertiary structures
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which of the structures of proteins are 3D?
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3rd and 4th
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what is the polarity of lipids? is this for all lipids?
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nonpolar; all lipids
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what elements make up lipids?
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C, H, O, 1 group as P
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what functional groups are contained in lipids?
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alcohol, carboxyl, ester
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what kind of bonds can be in lipids?
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single, double, hydrogenated
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what kind of bonds connect triglycerides? what do they form between?
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ester bonds; between the OH groups of the glycerol and fatty acid
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what is a triglyceride made up of?
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glycerol (C3H8O3), and 3 fatty acids (keto with CH2's and CH's if double bonds
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what are the types of triglycerides? what are they found in? what state of matter are they? how are they defined by their bonds?
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unsaturated, saturated, trans. unsat-found in plant oils, liquid, has at least 1 double bond
sat- found in animal fats, solid, has all single bonds trans- manmade, solid, has at least 1 double bond that the Hydrogens are trans instead of cis |
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what is the purpose of waxes? what type of carbon compound ar they? what is their structure?
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waterproofing, lipid. Long chain fatty acid and long chain alcohol.
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what is the structure of phospholipids? what is their polarity?
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head(includes phosphate group) is polar, tails(CH's) are nonpolar
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