Chapter 2

Front 1

Chromosomes are made up of a chemical substance called _______________.

Back 1

DNA

Front 2

A __________ is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome.

Back 2

Gene

Front 3

A unique feature of DNA is that it can duplicate itself through a process called _________.

Back 3

Mitosis

Front 4

New individuals are created when two special cells called ___________ or sex cells - the sperm and ovum - combine.

Back 4

Gametes

Front 5

Gametes are formed through a cell division process called ____________, which halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells.

Back 5

Meiosis

Front 6

When sperm and ovum unite at conception, the resulting cell, called a __________, will again have 46 chromosomes.

Back 6

Zygote

Front 7

22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are matching pairs called ___________. The twenty-third pair consists of _____________.

- In females, the pair is called XX

- In males, the pair is called XY

Back 7

Autosomes, Sex Chromosomes

Front 8

______________ twins are the most common type of multiple births, and it results from the release and fertilization of two ova and is no more alike than ordinary siblings.

Back 8

Fraternal or Dizygotic twins

Front 9

A zygote that has started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals. These are called _________________ twins because they have the same genetic makeup.

Back 9

Identical, Monozygotic

Front 10

If the alleles from both parents are alike, the child is _____________ and will display the inherited trait but if they differ, then the child is _______________, and relationships between the alleles determine the trait that will appear.

Back 10

homozygous and heterozygous

Front 11

In many heterozygous pairings, ______________ occurs: Only one allele affects the child's characteristics. It is called dominant; the second allele, which has now effect, is called recessive

Back 11

dominant-recessive inheritance

Front 12

_____________ is a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediate between the two.

Back 12

Incomplete dominance

Front 13

If couples who might bear an abnormal child decide to conceive, several __________________ - medical procedures that permit detection of problems before birth - are available.

Back 13

Prenatal Diagnostic Methods

Front 14

_____________ is the most widely used prenatal diagnostic method technique in which a hollow needle is inserted through the abdominal wall to obtain a sample of fluid in the uterus and cells are examined. 1 to 2 weeks for results.

Back 14

Amniocentesis

Front 15

_______________ is a prenatal diagnostic method procedure that can be used if results are needed early. A small plug of tissues is removed from one or more villi. Results are available within 24 hours.

Back 15

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Front 16

_____________ tells us the percentage of genetic contributions to the differences of characteristics we are interested in.

Back 16

Heritability

Front 17

______________ is when we have identical twins and we look for one trait that is similar in both twins, when there is no similarity, it means they are not identical.

Back 17

Concordance Rate

Front 18

According to the concept of __________________, our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed.

- Passive and Evocative

- Active Correlation

Back 18

Genetic-Environmental Correlation

Front 19

_____________ correlation occurs when a child has no control over their genetics. For instance, if parents emphasize outdoor activities and exposure to "athletic environment", the child will likely be good at sports.

Back 19

Passive correlation

Front 20

______________ correlation occurs when children evoke responses that are influenced by child's heredity, and these responses strengthen the child's original style. For instance, a child that is friendly will receive friendly responses.

Back 20

Evocative Correlation

Front 21

__________________ correlation occurs when children niche-pick - the tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity.

Back 21

Active Correlation

Front 22

_________________ is an environmental influence on gene expression that is the development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment.

Back 22

Epigenesis