Chapter 2

Front 1

The power of light microscopy is limited by

Back 1

Resolution

Front 2

Resolution

Back 2

The ability to distinguish 2 adjacent objects as separate and distinct. Determined by wavelength of light. Inversely proportional to light

Front 3

Bright field microscopy

Back 3

Specimens visualized b/c difference in contrast between surroundings and specimen. Objective and ocular lens

Front 4

Phase contrast microscopy

Back 4

Based on refractive index. Improves contrast without the use of a stain. Visualization of live samples.

Front 5

Dark Field microscopy

Back 5

Light reaches from sides. Light on dark background. Observing motility

Front 6

Fluorescence microscopy

Back 6

Visualize specimens that fluoresce. Some cells naturally fluoresce others are stained

Front 7

Differential interference microscopy

Back 7

Polarizer creates 2 beams of light. Gives some structures a 3D appearance

Front 8

Atomic force microscopy

Back 8

Stylus measures weak repulsive forces between it and specimen. No treatment

Front 9

Confocal scanning laser microscopy

Back 9

Laser to generate 3d image. Laser creates 3D image. Improves resolution

Front 10

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Back 10

Electromagnets are lenses. High magnification and resolution. Specimen must be very thin and stained. Internal view.

Front 11

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Back 11

Specimen coated with gold. Beam scans object. Can be used for large specimens. External 3D view

Front 12

Morphology of cell

Back 12

Cocci bacillus spirillum

Front 13

Forces affecting morphology

Back 13

Optimization for nutrient uptake, swimming motility, gliding motility

Front 14

Advantages to being small cell

Back 14

Grow faster. Greater nutrient exchangev

Front 15

Cytoplasmic membrane

Back 15

Separates cell from environment. Highly selectively permeable. Phospholipid bilayer.

Front 16

Functions of CM

Back 16

Permeability barrier. Anchor for proteins. Energy conservation sot

Front 17

Archaeal membranes

Back 17

Ether linkages not Ester. Isoprenes not fatty acids. Can have monolayers

Front 18

Simple Transport

Back 18

Driven by PMF ex) lac permeate

Front 19

Group Translocation

Back 19

Organic chemical is modified, driven by PEP, ex) phosphotransferase system

Front 20

ABC Transporter

Back 20

Periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy from ATP. In Gpos substrate binding proteins and membrane transport proteins

Front 21

Gneg cell wall

Back 21

LPS and peptidogclycan. Pink

Front 22

Gpos cell wall

Back 22

Thick peptidogclycan layer. Purple

Front 23

Gram stain

Back 23

Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safarnin

Front 24

Peptidogclycan structure

Back 24

NAG NAM, L-alanine, D-alanine, DAP or L-lysine, D-glut

Front 25

Techoic acids

Back 25

Acidic substances that give cell negative charge

Front 26

Lipotechoic acids

Back 26

Techoic acids covalently bound to membrane lipids

Front 27

Lipopolysaccharide

Back 27

Cell wall in neg bacteria. Core polysaccharide and O-polysaccharides. Lipid A is toxic when lysed.

Front 28

Periplasm

Back 28

Space between cytoplasmic and outer membranes

Front 29

Porins

Back 29

Channels for movement of hydrophilic low-moleculsr weight substances.

Front 30

Archaeal membrane

Back 30

No peptidogclycan, pseudomurein instead. S layer

Front 31

Pseudomurein

Back 31

NAG N-acetylalosamunuronic acid. Polysaccharide. Beta 1,3 link

Front 32

S layer

Back 32

Paracrystalline surface layer. Outermost later always

Front 33

Capsule and Slime

Back 33

Capsule is tight matrix, selective.

Slime loose, inclusive.

Attachment, phagocytosis, avoid dessication and destruction

Front 34

Fimbriae

Back 34

Filamentous, for sticking to surface or forming pellicles

Front 35

Pili

Back 35

Filamentous proteins. Conjugation. Type 4 pili twitching motility

Front 36

Carbon storage polymers

Back 36

PHB (lipid) and glycogen (glucose polymer)

Front 37

Polyphosphates

Back 37

Accumulations if inorganic phosphate

Front 38

Sulfur globules

Back 38

Composed of elemental sulfur

Front 39

Magnetosomes

Back 39

Magnetic storage inclusions

Front 40

Magnetotaxis

Back 40

The process of migrating along earth's magnetic field lines

Front 41

Gas vesicles

Back 41

Conference buoyancy in cells. Impermeable to water. Composed of 2 proteins GvpA and GvpC

Front 42

Endospores

Back 42

Dormant stage of cell life. Differentiated cell. AGO. Only in bacteria

Front 43

Flagella

Back 43

Structure assists in swimming. Liphotrichous, polar (unidirectional or reversible) and peritrochous (bundle n tumble)

Front 44

Flagellar synthesis

Back 44

MS, mot, P, L, hook, cap, filament

Front 45

Gliding motility

Back 45

Flagella independent. Slower. Requires surface contact.

Front 46

Taxis

Back 46

Directed movement in response to chemical or physical gradient. Chemo, hydro, osmo, photo, aero

Front 47

Chemotaxis

Back 47

Bacteria respond to temporal difference in concentration. Attractants and receptors sensed by chemo receptors

Front 48

Nucleus

Back 48

Contains chromosomes. DNA wound around histones (nucleosomes).

Front 49

Nucleolus

Back 49

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

Front 50

Mitochondria

Back 50

Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation

Front 51

Hydrogenosome

Back 51

Like mitochondria but lacks TCA enzymes and cristae. Pyruvate to H2, CO2 and acetate

Front 52

Chloroplast

Back 52

Chlorophyll containing organelle found in plants. Thykaloids are flattened disks. Stroma is cytoplasm

Front 53

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 53

Rough has ribosomes - produces glycoproteins. Smooth synthesizes lipids.

Front 54

Golgi complex

Back 54

Modifies products of ER destined for secretion

Front 55

Lysosomes

Back 55

Digestive enzymes for hydrolysis

Front 56

Cytoskeleton

Back 56

Support network in cells. MT tubulin, motility, CS and organelle movement. MF: actin. IF: keratin