Chapter 2

Front 1

What is a fact in psychology?

Back 1

Facts are particular behaviors or reliable patterns of behavior of person's or animal's.

Front 2

What is a theory?

Back 2

explain existing facts and make predictions about new facts that might be discovered.

Front 3

What is a hypothesis?

Back 3

A prediction about what will be observed in a research study usually derived from a more General conception or Theory.

Front 4

What does Skepticism seek to do?

Back 4

to disprove claims

Front 5

Scientific theories become more believable as they are what?

Back 5

Repeated

Front 6

To test ______, scientists _______ the conditions in which they make observations so as to rule out alternative explanations.

Back 6

Hypothesis, control

Front 7

What are the 3 research design?

Back 7

Experiments, correlation studies, and descriptive studies

Front 8

There are three types of research strategies, what are they?

Back 8

Research design, setting, and data collection method

Front 9

II research strategy is setting what are the two settings where study's are conducted?

Back 9

Field and laboratory

Front 10

The third research strategy is data collection, what are the two basic data collection methods?

Back 10

Self-report and observation

Front 11

What is an experiment?

Back 11

A research design for testing hypotheses about cause-effect relationships in which the researcher manipulates one variable which is the independent variable in order to assess its effect on another variable the dependent variable

Front 12

A variable that is being manipulated in an experiment is?

Back 12

An independent variable

Front 13

What is a dependent variable?

Back 13

A variable that is affected by the independent. A variable that is (measured, and affected)

Front 14

In psychology _________ variables are usually measures of _____.

Back 14

Dependent, behavior.

Front 15

___________ variables are factors that are hypothesized to influence those _______.

Back 15

Independent, measures.

Front 16

The people or animals that are studied in any research study are referred to as the what?

Back 16

Subjects of the study

Front 17

Define Correlational Study

Back 17

A study in which the researcher does not manipulate any variable, but observes or measures two or more already existing variables to find relationships between them.

Front 18

Authoritarian

Back 18

High exertion of Parental power

Front 19

Authoritative

Back 19

A kinder and more dramatic style, but with the parents still clearly in charge.

Front 20

Permissive

Back 20

Parental laxity in the face of their children's disruptive behavior.

Front 21

Descriptive study

Back 21

Research aim to describe the behavior of an individual or set of individuals without assessing relationships between different variables.

Front 22

Laboratory study

Back 22

A study in which the subjects are brought to a specific destination that has been set up to facilitate the researchers collection of data or control over environmental conditions.

Front 23

Field study

Back 23

Any research study conducted in a setting in which the researcher does not have control over the experience that a subject has

Front 24

Psychologists uses the ______ as a decision making process when doing research

Back 24

Scientific method

Front 25

Experimental condition

Back 25

The condition that exposes participants to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable ( treatment -present)

Front 26

Control condition

Back 26

Also called comparison condition, a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Front 27

Which group refers to the scientific method?

Back 27

Empiricist

Hint 27

Empiricist, dualism, or materialist

Front 28

What are the five steps of the scientific method?

Back 28

1) Hypotheses

2) observe and test

3) data collection

4) analysis of results

5) reporting

Front 29

After the scientific method what do we care about or in other words what do we test?

Back 29

We care about the reliability in the validaty

Front 30

What are the three research methods?

Back 30

-Survey

-Naturalistic Observation

-Case Studies

Front 31

Manipulation

Back 31

Like the independent variable it is being changed.

Front 32

What are the two Random Assignment groups?

Back 32

Experimental group and control group

Front 33

Which group receives the drug experimental or control?

Back 33

Experimental

Front 34

Descriptive statistics

Back 34

Help to summarize the sets of data mathematically, (numerical)

Front 35

Inferential Statistics

Back 35

Mathematical methods for helping researchers determine how confident they can be in drawing General conclusions (inferences) from specific sets of data

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Determine the possibility that variability is due to chance.

Front 36

Mean

Back 36

The arithmetic average determined by adding the scores and dividing the sum by the number of scores.

Front 37

Median

Back 37

The center score determined by ranking the scores from highest to lowest.

Front 38

What is central tendency?

Back 38

The mean or median

Front 39

Correlation coefficient

Back 39

Represents the strength and direction of a relationship between two numerical variables

Front 40

Correlational studies

Back 40

Describes a relationship between two variables ( usually shown on a graph called scatter plot) but dosent tell us the cause effect relationships

Front 41

What are the three correlations?

Back 41

Positive correlation (+)

negative correlation (-)

no correlation (0)

Front 42

______ does not imply _______

Back 42

Correlation, Causation

Front 43

Causation

Back 43

Meaning something must cause another to happen

Front 44

Bias

Back 44

non-random effects caused by some factor or factors extraneous to the research hypothesis

Front 45

Autism

Back 45

A disorder characterized by a deficit in the ability to form emotional bonds and to communicate with people

Front 46

what is a observer blind studies?

Back 46

It is where the Observer is deliberately kept ignorant of information that could create expectancies in a double-blind study both Observer and subject are kept ignorant of such information.

Front 47

Control group

Back 47

The "treatment absent" condition in an experiment

Front 48

Placebo

Back 48

A false or ineffective treatment administered as if it were real

Front 49

What is Random assignment?

Back 49

Selecting subjects by chance for different groups in an experiment.

Front 50

Double blind

Back 50

Research procedure that controls for the placebo effect

Front 51

If one wants to have a first-hand account of a person's Behavior she should conduct a

Back 51

Naturalistic observation

Front 52

In order for data to be statistically significant p should be equal to or _______ than .05.

Back 52

Less than

Front 53

Statistically significant

Back 53

A statistical statement of how small the likelihood is that it obtained result occurred by chance. by convention, research findings are said to be statistically significant if the probability is less than 5% that the data could have come out as they did if the research hypothesis is wrong

Front 54

Testing

Back 54

A data collection method that gives Immediate results that a researcher doesn't have to wait around for

Front 55

Once a researcher conducts a research proposal they must submit it to the _________ for further evaluation of potential ethical controversy

Back 55

Institutional review board

Front 56

_____ allows researchers to obtain information they would not obtained through observation.

Back 56

Questionnaires and interviews

Front 57

A self-report study has to use questionnaires or _______.

Back 57

Interviews

Front 58

data collection method is ________, which is a type of ________.

Back 58

Interview; self-report

Front 59

Three ways to categorize the research strategies scientists use are research design, setting, and _____ collection methods.

Back 59

Data

Front 60

Self-report method

Back 60

A data collection method in which the people being studied are asked to rate or describe their own behaviors or mental States.

Front 61

Introspection

Back 61

The personal observations of one's thoughts, perception and feelings

Front 62

Observational method

Back 62

Any data collection procedure in which the researcher directly observes the behavior of interest rather than relying on subjects self-description

Front 63

Naturalistic observation

Back 63

Any data-collection procedure in which the researcher record the subjects ongoing Behavior in a natural setting without interfering with their behavior

Front 64

Hawthorne effect

Back 64

Changes in subjects Behavior as a result of knowing they are being watched attributed to the special attention they receive

Front 65

Variability

Back 65

The degree to which the individual numbers in a set of numbers differ from one another or from their mean

Front 66

Standard deviation

Back 66

A measure of variability and a set of scores determined by taking the square root of the variance

Front 67

_____ studies are the only kind of research that can support claims of casual relationships.

Back 67

Experimental

Front 68

When a researcher unintentionally communicates their expectations in an experiment and influences the subjects Behavior this is a results in a what

Back 68

Observer-expectancy effect