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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Observational study |
A study that observes characteristics of an existing population |
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Simple random sample |
A sample selected in a way that gives every different sample of size n an equal chance of being selected |
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Stratified sampling |
Dividing a population into subgroups (strata) and then taking a separate random sample from each stratum |
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Cluster sampling |
Dividing a population into subgroups (clusters) and forming a sample by randomly selected clusters and including all individuals or objects in the selected clusters in the sample |
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1 in k systematic sampling |
A sample selected from an ordered arrangement of a population by choosing a starting point at random from the first k individuals on the list and then selecting every kth individual thereafter |
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Confounding variable |
A variable that is related both to group membership and to the response variable |
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Measurement or response bias |
The tendency for samples to differ from the population because the method of observation tends to produce values that differ from the true value |
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Selection bias |
The tendency for samples to differ from the population because of the systematic exclusion of some part of the population |
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Nonresponse bias |
The tendency for samples to differ from the population because measurements are not obtained from all individuals selected for inclusion in the sample |
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Experiment |
A procedure for investigating the effect of experimental conditions (which are manipulated by the experimeter) on a response variable |
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Treatment |
The experimental conditions imposed by the experimenter |
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Extraneous factor |
A variable that is not of interest in the current study but is thought to affect the response variable |
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Direct control |
Holding extraneous factors constant so that their effects are not confounded with those of the experimental conditions |
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Blocking |
Using extraneous factors to create experimental groups that are similar with respect to those factors, thereby filtering out their effects |
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Randomization |
Random assignment of experimental units to treatments or of treatments to trials |
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Replication |
A strategy for ensuring that there is an adequate number of observations on each experimental treatment |
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Placebo treatment |
A treatment that resembles the other treatments in an experment in all apparent ways but that has no active ingredients |
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Control group |
A group that receives no treatment of one that receives a placebo treatment |
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Single-blind experiment |
An experiment in which the subjects do not know which treatment they received but the individuals measuring the response do which treatment was received |
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Double-blind experiment |
An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the individuals who measure the response know which treatment was received |
