Chapter 2

Front 1

Ecosystem Types in the United States

Back 1

-Coasts and oceans
-Farmlands
-Forests
-Fresh waters
-Grasslands and shrub lands
-Urban and suburban areas

Front 2

Biotic communities

Back 2

grouping or assemblage of plants, animals, and microbes

Front 3

Species

Back 3

different kinds of plants, animals, and microbes in the community

Front 4

Populations

Back 4

number of individuals that make up the interbreeding, reproducing group

Front 5

Associations

Back 5

how a biotic community fits into the landscape

Front 6

Ecosystems – A definition

Back 6

A grouping of plants, animals, and microbes occupying an explicit unit of space and interacting with each other and their environment

Front 7

How Ecosystems Are Formed

Back 7

Abiotics (moisture and temp) predict Plants which predict animals

Front 8

Ecotone

Back 8

transitional region between different ecosystems

Front 9

describe ecotone

Back 9

Shares many of the species and characteristics of both ecosystems
May also include unique conditions that support distinctive plant and animal species

Front 10

inorganic

Back 10

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Water
pH

Front 11

Organic

Back 11

All living things
Products of living things

Front 12

Autotrophs

Back 12

self feeder

Front 13

Heterotrophs

Back 13

Consumer

Front 14

Primary consumers

Back 14

herbivores

Front 15

Secondary consumers

Back 15

carnivores = predators =

Front 16

Parasites or Predators

Back 16

either plant or animal: “prey” are plants or animals

Front 17

Detritus feeders and decomposers

Back 17

bacteria and fungi: prey are dead plants or animals

Front 18

Trophic Levels: Food Chain

Back 18

bottom working up > producer >primary consumer>Secondary consumer>Third order consumer

Front 19

Trophic Level Energy Flow

Back 19

Bottom working up > Producer 1,000 Kcal > -10x >Primary consumer 100 Kcal > -10x > Secondary consumer 10Kcal > -10x > Third order consumer 1 Kcal

~90% of biomass
is lost at each
trophic level!

Front 20

Symbiosis

Back 20

Living Together

Front 21

Mutualism

Back 21

Both species benefit by the interaction between the two species: flowers and insects

+ and +

Front 22

Commensalism

Back 22

One species benefits from the interaction and the other is unaffected: remora fish and shark
+ and 0

Front 23

+ and –

Back 23

One species benefits from the interaction and the other is adversely affected. Examples are predation, parasitism, and disease.

Front 24

Competition

Back 24

– and – Both species CAN be adversely affected by the interaction.

Front 25

One way to avoid competition

Back 25

through resource partitioningthe
5 warbler
spp. by
feeding at
different
levels and
on
different parts of
trees.

Front 26

tolerance

Back 26

The capacity of an organism to withstand or adjust to any
disturbed conditions in the environment.

Front 27

Biome

Back 27

a group of ecosystems that
are related by having a similar type
of vegetation governed by similar
climatic conditions.

Front 28

What are the key factors determining
the type of biome that would occur
in a certain region?

Back 28

1. Moisture determines if vegetation
can be supported at all.
2. Temperature determines kind of
forest (liquid – rain forest; solid –
permafrost)

Front 29

Temperature for a
region varies with
both

Back 29

latitude
and altitude.

Front 30

Three revolutions

Back 30

Neolithic – the development of agriculture

Industrial – the development of modern science & technology

Environmental – the transition/revolution needed now and in the near future to move the human system from its present state to one that is sustainable.