Chapter 2

Front 1

bio-

Back 1

life; biochemistry-branch of science dealing with the chemistry of life forms.

Front 2

di-

Back 2

two; disaccharide-a molecule composed of two bonded simple sugar units.

Front 3

glyc-

Back 3

sweet; glycogen-complex carbohydrate composed of glucose molecules bonded in a particular way.

Front 4

iso-

Back 4

equal: isotope-atom that has the same atomic number as another atom but a different atomic weight.

Front 5

lip

Back 5

fat; lipids-group of organic compounds that includes fats.

Front 6

-lyt

Back 6

break down: electrolyte-substance that breaks down and releases ions in water.

Front 7

mono-

Back 7

one: monosaccharide-a molecule consisting of a single simple sugar unit.

Front 8

poly-

Back 8

many: polyunsaturated-molecule with two or more double bonds between its carbon atoms.

Front 9

sacchar-

Back 9

sugar: monosaccharide- a molecule consisting of a single simple sugar unit.

Front 10

syn-

Back 10

together: synthesis- process by which chemicals join to form new types of chemicals.

Front 11

chemistry

Back 11

deals with the composition of substances and how it changes. The human body is composed of chemicals.

Front 12

biochemistry

Back 12

the chemistry of living organisms

Front 13

matter

Front 14

elements

Back 14

naturally occuring matter on Earth (92)

Front 15

atom

Back 15

smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element.

Front 16

electron

Back 16

Extremely small particle within an atom; almost no weight; carries a negative electrical charge and is in constant motion around an atomic nucleus.

Front 17

proton

Back 17

Relatively large particle within an atom; carries a positive electrical charge and is found within an atomic nucleus.

Front 18

neutron

Back 18

Relatively large particle within an atom; about the same weight as a proton; unchanged and thus electrically neutral; found within nucleus.

Front 19

ion

Back 19

particle, formed from an atom, that is electrically charged because it has gained or lost one or more electrons.

Front 20

molecule

Back 20

particle formed by the chemical union of two or more atoms.

Front 21

compounds

Back 21

elements combine to form compounds

Front 22

bulk elements

Back 22

basic chemical required in abundance

Front 23

trace elements

Back 23

basic chemical substance needed in SMALL quanities

Front 24

ultratrace elements

Back 24

basic chemical substance needed in VERY SMALL quanities

Front 25

atomic number

Back 25

equal to the number of protons in each atom.

Front 26

atomic weight

Back 26

equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each atom

Front 27

isotopes

Back 27

atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weights (due to differing number of neutrons)

Front 28

molecular formula

Back 28

represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule.

Front 29

bonds

Back 29

when atoms form links called 'bonds', they gain, lose or share electrons

Front 30

electron shells

Back 30

contain electrons and encircles atomic nucleus

Front 31

inert

Back 31

elements that do not interact with other elements

Front 32

ions

Back 32

electrically charged atom or molecule

Front 33

cations

Back 33

atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged.

Front 34

anions

Back 34

atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged

Front 35

ionic bonds

Back 35

ions with opposite charges combine to form ionic bonds

Front 36

covalent bond

Back 36

atoms that join by sharing electrons

Front 37

structural formulas

Back 37

represents the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

Front 38

polar

Back 38

molecules result from an unequal sharing of electrons

Front 39

hydrogen bond

Back 39

form between polar molecules

Front 40

reactants

Back 40

starting materials for a chemical reaction

Front 41

products

Back 41

the resulting atoms or molecules

Front 42

exchange reaction

Back 42

part of the two different molecules trade position.

Front 43

reversible reaction

Back 43

chemical reaction in which the products can react, yielding the original reactants

Front 44

catalysts

Back 44

influences the rate of the reaction

Front 45

electrolytes

Back 45

compounds that ionize in water

Front 46

acids

Back 46

electrolytes that release hydrogen atoms

Front 47

bases

Back 47

release hydroxide or other ions that react with hydrogen ions

Front 48

synthesis

Back 48

large molecules build up from smaller ones

Front 49

decomposition

Back 49

molecule breaks down

Front 50

salts

Back 50

acids and bases react to form water and electrolytes called salts

Front 51

pH scale

Back 51

represents the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution

Front 52

alkalosis

Back 52

increase in the pH of body fluids above 7.45

Front 53

acidosis

Back 53

decrease in the pH of body fluids below 7.45

Front 54

Buffers

Back 54

chemicals that resist pH change

Front 55

organic

Back 55

contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.

usually nonelectrolytes

Front 56

inorganic

Back 56

usually electrolytes

Front 57

electrolytes

Back 57

substance that ionizes in a water solution

Front 58

water balance

Back 58

when the volume of water entering and produced by the body is equal to the volume leaving it

Front 59

electrolyte balance

Back 59

condition when the quantities of electrolytes entering the body equal those leaving it

Front 60

carbohydrates

Back 60

provide much of the energy cells require and are built of simple sugar

Front 61

monosaccharides

Back 61

single sugar such as glucose or fructose

Front 62

disaccharides

Back 62

sugar produced by the union of two monosaccharides

Front 63

polyccharides

Back 63

carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides

Front 64

lipids

Back 64

such as fats, phospholipids, and steroids, supply energy and are used to build cell parts; their building blocks are molecules of glycerol and fatty acids.

Front 65

glycerol

Back 65

organic compound that is a building block for fat molecules

Front 66

fatty acids

Back 66

one of the building blocks of a fat molecule

Front 67

saturated fatty acids

Back 67

fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms.

Front 68

unsaturated fatty acids

Back 68

have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

Front 69

saturated fats

Back 69

fat molecule that only contains fatty acid molecules with as many hydrogen atoms as possible, and therefore no double bonded carbon atoms.

Front 70

unsaturated fats

Back 70

fat molecule that includes one or more unsaturated fatty acids, each with one or more double bond.

Front 71

triglycerides

Back 71

three fatty acid molecule bound to a glycerol molecule

most common lipid in the body. Stored in fat tissue as energy for later.

Front 72

phospholipids

Back 72

Two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule.

used as a structural components in cell membranes; large amounts are in the liver and parts of the nervous system.

Front 73

steroids

Back 73

four connected rings of carbon atoms

widely distributed in the body with a variety of functions; includes cholesterol, sex hormones, and adrenal glands

Front 74

enzymes

Back 74

speed chemical reactions without being consumed.

Front 75

amino acids

Back 75

the building blocks of protein

Front 76

conformations

Back 76

three dimensional structure of a protein, determined by the amino acid sequence and attractions and repulsion between amino acids in different parts of the molecule.

Front 77

proteins

Back 77

serve as structural materials, energy sources, hormones, cell surface receptors, antibodies, and enzymes

Front 78

nucleic acid

Back 78

a molecule that is composed of bonded nucleotides; Ex: RNA and DNA

Front 79

nucleotides

Back 79

building block of nucleic acid molecule, consisting of a sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.

Front 80

RNA

Back 80

ribonucleic acid

Front 81

DNA

Back 81

dioxyribonucleic acid

Front 82

carbohydrates

Back 82

C,H,O - provide energy, cell structure

Ex: glucose, sucrose, glycogen

Front 83

lipids

Back 83

C,H,O(often P)- provide energy cell structure

Ex: Fat, Cholesterol

Front 84

proteins

Back 84

C,H,O,N(often S)- provide cell structure, enzymes, and energy

Ex: Albumins and Hemoglobin

Front 85

nucleic acid

Back 85

C,H,O,N,P- store information for the synthesis of protein, control cell activities.

Ex: RNA & DNA