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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mercantilsim
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A belief that the world's supply of gold and silver was fixed, and a country could only change its economic position by discovering more or trading.
Parliament Adopted this idea in the 1660's This encouraged their need for colonies. |
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Edward Randolp
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A "Lord of Trade" sent to Boston in 1676 to enforce the Navigation Acts
Massachusetts was called to court against the Lords of Trade, and Randolph's testimony led to the annullment of Mass.'s charter in 1684 |
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Samuel de Champlain
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French explorer in 1603
Governor of New France, which spanned across the eastern half of Canada and the U.S., under a charter as a trading company |
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Lucy Parke Byrd
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Female colonist and wife of William Byrd II.
oppressed by laws and social customs. Women were treated as inferiors in 18th century |
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Pierre le Moyne, sieur d'Iberville
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First to begin French settlement of Louisiana by landing a colony near Biloxi, Mississippi in 1699
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Indentured Servitude
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Voluntary Servitude used in the colonies in return for transportation from Europe.
After 1717, convicts could escape execution by becoming indentured servants Limited rights while serving, but guaranteed freedom after four to seven years |
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Sir Edmund Andros
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Went to Boston in 1686 and passed laws and levied taxes for England w/o the General Court of Boston.
He worked under James II's Dominion of England, which was declared in 1686 to enforce the Navigation Acts. Andros expanded to Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey. |
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Triangular Trade
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Transatlantic Slave Trade
1)England to Africa - Manufactured Goods 2)Africa to West Indies - slaves 3)West Indies/America to Great Britain - rum, sugar, tobacco and other raw materials |
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Thomas Coram
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An enclish shipbuilder and dockyard owner.
Came to America (Boston) for the abundance of ifr and oak timber between 1697 and 1731. |
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Jonathan Edwards
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Congregationalist minister in Northampton, Mass.
Largest Contributer to the Great Awakening Denounced religious habits of the colonists Gave revival gospels like Sinners in the Hands of Angry Gods in 1741 |
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Sir Isaac Newton
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Great Scientist in the 17th and 18th centuries
Gravitation, 3 laws of motion, physics, and astronomy |
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General Edward Braddock
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A British commander-in-chief, in 1755. He attempted to conquer the French fort, Fort Duquesne.
This started the French and Indian War |
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Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind
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Written by Benjamin Franklin in 1751
"land was plentiful and labor was scarce in colonies" Noted that Europeans were moving to America and starting large families |
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George Whitfield
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English minister in the colonies
Considered the "true catalyst of the Great Awakening" sermons of the 18th century brought huge crowds |
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"slash and burn" agriculture
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In North America even before the English
Clear forests and burn the underprush for agriculture and travel Depleted the nutrients and force the habitants to move after 7 years Changed the ecosystem of America. |
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John Peter Zenger
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Tried for libel
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Jacob Leisler
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Hanged for Treason
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John Locke
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Essay on Human Understanding
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William Pitt
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British War Minister during the French-Indian War
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Benjamin Franklin
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Essays and Obeservations on Electrical Fluid
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George Washington
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Surrendered Fort Necessity to the French
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Thomas Paine
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Author of 1776 pamphlet Common Sense
One of the first to publicly denounce Parliament's power over the colonies Encouraged colonial soldiers with his pamphlet The American Crisis |
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The Declatory Act
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Passed by Parliament in 1766, along with the repeal of the Stamp Act
Said that Parliament had the power to make and enforce laws over the colonies Meant to prove Parliament's power over the colonies |
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Noah Webster
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Developed a spelling book in 1783 known as the "Blue Back Speller" which was used in all schools
Wanted to help Americans to become more distinguished and intelligent |
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John Trumbull
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Ex-military
Painted pictures of the war Most famous were the surrender at Yorktown in 1794 and the Battle at Bunker Hill |
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Daniel Boone
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Settler of Kentucky that withstood the attacks from Indians, tories, and British
Wouldn't leave his land |
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Proclamation of 1763
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Designed to pause westward expnsion of the colonies past the Appalachian Mountains
Officially established Queebec and Florida as British Americans reacted negatively and moved anyway. |
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John Paul Jones
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A captain in the colonial navy
defeated a british frigate in 1779 took over as their own ship sank This is the mentality of the Americans. |
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Nathaniel Greene
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"Fighting Quaker"
Washington's ablest commander during the Revolution biggest battles were against Cornwallis |
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The Virginia Statute of Religioius Freedom
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written by Thomas Jefferson
"no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever" "all men shall be free to profess, and by argument maintain, their opinions in matters of religion" 1786 set the religious culture of America |
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George Rogers Clark
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Traveled down the Ohio River in 1778 with 175 frontiersmen. W/ some French allies he captured some British outposts in Virginia
Thought of as winning the west |
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Banastre Tarleton
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One of Cornwallis's subordinates known for his savage and ruthless war tactics.
Lost a battle against the American militiamen at the Broad River |
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Townshend Duties
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The Townshend duties were part of the 1767 Townshend Acts.
Places taxes on colonial IMPORTS of glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Supposed to raise revenue, but placed hardships on colonists All repealed by 1770 except Tea Act Taxation without representation Britian finally met America's demands in 1778 |
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Crispus Attucks
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A runaway slave in Boston. Marched with a group to confront soldiers about attacking a small boy
First innocent deat of the colonial resistance Killed in the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770 |
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Thomas Hutchinson
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British Lieutenant-Governor and Agent for the Boston Stamp Act.
His home was ransacked by a mob protestin the Act in 1765 1772, announced his salary would be independent from the Massachusetts Assembly's decisions demanded that the ship involved in the Boston Tea Party to land in Boston's ports |
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Richard Henry Lee
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created a resolution of America's independence that was passed by the Continental Congress on July 2, 1776.
Free and independent states Also called for a plan of confederation |
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George Grenville
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New first minister in 1763 and first lord of Treasury
Tried to keep British troops in America despite rising costs Passed a variety of acts to raise revenue from colonists Molasses was replaced by Sugar in 1764 He passed the Stamp act in 1765 Tightened the waters and created a new maritime court |
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John Burgoyne
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Lost the Battle of Saratoga
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Thomas Gage
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British commander at Bunker Hill
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Charles Wilson Peale
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Revolutionary patriotic painter
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Horatio Gates
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Won the Battle of Saratoga
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George Washington
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Commander-in-chief of the continental Army
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Ethan Allen
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Led the Green Mountain Boys
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Alexander Hamilton
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strong nationalist
Elected the first Secretary of Treasury in 1789 Wrote the Federalist and some reports on economic policy |
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Daniel Shays
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Led 1,200 farmers in 1787 to rebel against economic pressures on agriculture
Subdued in Springfield, Mass. This increased the Central Government's strength |
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James Wilkinson
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General of the United States
Teamed with Senator Aaron Burr in politics Believed to conspiring about seceding Louisiana from the U.S. |
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The Wealth of Nations
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Written in 1776 by Scottish Economist, Adam Smith
promoted free trade and denounced mercantilism became the handbook for economics and trade |
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Whisky Rebellion
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Example of the central government's strength
1794 woodsmen and farmers terrorized taxpayers, court houses and Pittsburgh, because a tax had been placed on liquor. When Washington ordered troops to put down the rebellion, they fled |
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The Virginia Plan
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Proposed by Madison when the Continental Congress met to Revise the Article of Confederation
Trash the Articles of Confederation Seperate legislative, executie, and judicial branches Congress would consist of two houses one elected by the first Congress could disallow state laws |
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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Passed 1798 by Adams and Federilist governement
1) The time for naturalization lengthened from five to 14 years 2) Allowed the president to deport "dangerous" aliens 3) allowed the president to deport any alien during wartime 4) made it illegal to conspire against the government Used to punish Republicans for expressing free speech amined at political opponents |
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The Federalist
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series of 85 articles between 1787 and 1788
Hamilton and Madison, Chief Justice Jay in support for the ratification of the constiution Republic would work because of diversity |
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John Adams
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coined the phrase "critical period" for the time during the Articles of Confederation
First Vice President Second President |
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Northwest Ordinance
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Replaced Jefferson's Land Ordinance
1787 Required all new lands to have a government of congress, governor, secretary and three judges 60,000 people to apply for statehood Banned Slavery North of the Mason Dixon This meant that future terrirtories would be equal states, not colonies!! |
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XYZ Affair
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last efforts of negotiations with the French
French negotiators wanted a bribe This cause negative sentiment from all Americans towards the French |
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Edmond Gent
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Caused the Americans to lose some support for the Revolution
As the French Ambassador, he wanted to go over the head of the government and interfered with British and Spanish politics. |
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolution
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Passed in 1798 written by Jefferson and Madison
Declared the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional Created the interposition and nullification doctrines Gave the states power to question the federal government |
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Jay's Treay
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Passed 1795 by John Jay
To get the British out of the U.S. they accepted the British definition of nuetrality Great separation of powers Unpopular because it screwed up foreign diplomacy |
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Report on Public Credit
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Written by Hamilton
Two reports 4 issues funding of the federal debt at face value assumption of all states' debt from the Revolution tax on liquor to raise funds national bank with a national mint |
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Great Compromise
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Proposed by Roger Sherman
Settled the debate of representation of states by population or equal representation Differences in the Virginia and New Jersey plans equally in the Senate, by population in the House |
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John Jay
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First Chief Justice of the United States
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Robert Morris
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confederation superintendent of finance
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James Madison
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Father of the Constitution
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Anthony Wayne
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Led Americans at the BAttle of Fallen Timbers
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Thomas Pinckney
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Negotiated Treaty with Spain
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Charles A. Beard
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An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution
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John Marshall
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Nationalist
Justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years Courts could declare federal law unconstitutional States could too decisions of state courts could be appealed federal government is supreme law of land regulated interstate commerce |
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Samuel Chase
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Federalist
Justice of the Supreme Court impeached by House in 1804 for the John Fries trial Senate acquitted him in 1805 eventhough he was a federalist political bias was not a factor |
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Oliver H. Perry
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Navy at 14 yrs old
Commodore at 28 1813 Fought the British on Lake Erie in the War of 1812 When his ship the Lawrence sank, he rowed to another ship declaring the enemy was his |
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Francis Scott Key
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Wrote the words to The Star Spangled Banner
Inspired by the standing flag after the British attacked Baltimore in the War of 1812 |
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Treaty of Ghent
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Singed 1814 Official end to the War of 1812
British had strong demands in early negotiations but lost all ground as the Americans won more battles |
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Second Missouri Compromise
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Proposed by Henry Clay
Led to Missouri's statehood in 1821 Made Missouri promise that it didn't really mean that they weren't going to allow black or mulatto citizens |
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Gibbon v. Ogden
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1824 Chief Justice John Marshall
Gave the federal government power to regulate interstate commerce Between Aaron Ogden's exclusive right to run a steamboat from New York to New Jersey and Thomas Gibbons' federal license to run a steamboat in the same waters |
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Monroe Doctrine
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Came from Adams' annual message to Congress in 1823
Amercians were not subject to any more colonization Any European power woul dbe endangering themselves by moving into Western Hemisphere The United States would not interfere with any existing colonies U.S. would stay out of all European affairs |
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William H. Crawford
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Secretary of Treasury
1884 Candidate for President Platform for states' rights and a strict constitution His loss discouraged other candidates from running with a platform |
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Aaron Burr
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While Vice President for Jefferson he ran for the Governor of New York under the radicalists Essex Junto's plan
Dueled and killed Hamilton after some negative remarks Laid low then came back to the Senate in D.C. Tried for treason but was protected by the Constitution |
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Hartford Convention
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Ran by extreme Federalists in 1814
There was talk of secession Some moderate Federalists just wanted to protest Demands: disallowing the count of slaves in population for representation requiring two thirds vote in congress to declare war or admit a new state prohibit an embargo from lasting longer and 60 days limit president to one term and presidency to natural born citizens and no two consecutive presidents from the same state The convention ruined the face of the Federalist Party |
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Era of Good Feeling
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Time of Nationalism
began in 1817 with Monroe's presidency and ended with a return towards sectionalism |
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Essex Junto
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Led by Senator Thomas Pickering
Radical Federalists Wanted to secede and was involved in the Hartford Convention |
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Embargo of 1807
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Peaceable Coercion
Jefferson's attempt to punish France and England for their attacks and harassments of American Ships could have destroyed U.S. foreign economy, but Americans continued to trade illegaly. Hurt the U.S. and was repealed in 1809 |
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Old Hickory
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Nickname given to Andrew Jackson for his service in the War of 1812
Tough and strict on the battle field Known for his victory of Red Stick Creek and Battle of New Orleans |
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Merriwether Lewis
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1803 Assigned by Jefferson as commander to explore the Northwest past the Mississippi River
With Clark and the Corps of Discovery he opened up new territory and gave the U.S. the rights to the Oregon Country |
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Henry Clay
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The Great Compromiser
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Daniel Webster
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Massachusetts senator who favored a protective tariff in 1828
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William Marbury
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Appointed Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia
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Robert Livingston
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Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase
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Stephen Decatur
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Naval hero against the Barbary Pirates
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James Tallmadge, Jr.
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Introduced the amendment to ban slavery in Missouri
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Martin Van Buren
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Secretary of the State
Rivalry with VP Calhoun for Jackson's support Jackson's running mate in 1832 election Elected 8th president in 1836 Independent Treasury Act in 1840 hurt the economy b/c no assistance to defaulting banks |
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Erie Canal
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Proposed by NY governor Clinton in 1817
Finished in 1825 Hudson River to Lake Erie Reduced Costs and helped NYC prosper |
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Henry Clay
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Senator from Kentucky
Leader of the Whig Party (supporter of central government) Internal improvements and distribution of the goverment's surplus of funds to the states |
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Commonwealth v. Hunt
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1842 Supreme Court rules in favor of a labor union
Unions could demand that employers hire only from the union, and the union could strike if an employer did not meet that demand Massachusetts |
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Know Nothings
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Racist group against foreignors
Third party in 1854, and declared to never vote for a foreign-born or Catholic candidate They claimed they "knew nothing" about the organization Elected many congressman but lost power when they became more concerned about slavery |
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Maysville Road Bill
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Passed by Congress in 1830 but vetoed by Jackson b/c his hatred for Clay
Government was going to buy stock in a road that was entirely within Kentucky Jackson said they would not fund intrastate projects (eventhough it was supposed to link the National Road) |
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Jacob Begelow
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Lectured on "The Elements of Technology" in 1814
Popularized the word technology as a new advancement that changed the way of life Regarded the many technological advancements of the 19th century |
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Locofocos
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Working Men's parties of the late 1820's
Supported labor rights and reform Couldn't survive as independents, became radical group of Democrats name came from matches |
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Tariff of Abominations
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Oficcially known as the Tariff of 1828
Intended to protect U.S. manufacturers aagainst competing British products South Carolina protested that it hurt the South Calhoun used nullification to declare in null and void b/c the constitution said that tariffs could only be used to raise revenue |
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Worcester v. Georgisa
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Decided in 1832 for Worcester and Cherokee nation
Appeal of Georgia court's decision to punish two Indian missionaries to hard labor for refusing to take an oath of allegiance to the state This was Georgia's strategy for taking land from the Indians Was good until Congress and President Jackson went against the decesion. Jackson said good luck trying to enforce it. Worcester remained in prison and the Cherokee Nation was sent westward on the Trail of Tears |
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John Jacob Astor
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Rags to Riches
Arrived in U.S. in 1784 with nothing and gained wealth through the fur trade Then invested in New York real estate and became the wealthiest man in the Nation Clay used him as an example for the American dream. |
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William Wirt
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Maryland native elected for the 1832 presidential election by the AntiMasonic Party (the first third party)
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pet bank
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created after the collapse of the Second Bank of the U.S.
chosen from spoils system, many were not financially sound Government had about $9million in deposits 1836 many of these defaulted |
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Samuel Slater
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Helped Create the First American Factory in 1790
Stole plans for a water mill from England Built it in Rhode Island |
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Specie Circular (1836)
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Ordered by Jackson
Banks could only accept gold or silver for the purchase of western lands Added stress to banks and only put more power in the hands of speculators |
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John C. Calhoun
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South Carolina
VP, Senator, Representative, Secretary of War, Secretary of State Nationalist, but turned to states rights when defending nullification of the Tariff of 1828 Defended slavery |
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John Eaton
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Husband of the woman snubbed by wives of cabinet members
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Francis Cabot Lowell
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With the Boston Associates, formed the Boston Manufacturing Company
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William Henry Harrison
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Won the presidency with his "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign
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Gail Borden
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Invented the process for condensed milk
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Nicholas Biddle
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Attempted an earl re-charter of the Bank of the United States
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Lyman Beecher
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Preached strongly anit-Catholic sermons
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Robert F. Stockton
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1846, Confronted Mexican forces in California (territory claimed by the U.S.)
Took Santa Barbara and Los Angeles, so he declared himself governor of California Teamed with Kearny to re-conquer southern Cali from Mexican rebels 1847 |
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William Ellery Channing
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Most inspiring leader of the Unitarianism movement
Unitarians=all powerful God, everyone can be saved Also supporter of feminist |
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Sylvester Graham
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Ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1826
Purity and refinement of the human body through diet. Created Graham Cracker vegetarianism and natural foods would cure the body of alcoholism and sexual urges |
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The Dial
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Quarterly report of the Transcedental Club from 1840-1844
Edited by Margaret Fuller then Ralph Waldo Emerson Transcedentalists believed in limits of reason, and intuition came directly from God |
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John Charles Fremont
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Pathfinder
Mapped Oregon Trail in 1842 1845 Set out for Cali and met Mexican opposition Moved to Sacramento Valley in 1846 and declared it as the Republic of California (only lasted for a month) |
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Horace Mann
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Greatest supporter of public school system in Mass. in 1800's
Sponsored and served as secretary of a state board of education Sponsored teachers association, minimum school year of six months Helped create state-supported normal school which trained teachers Education is the road to equality |
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Dorothea Dix
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two-year investigation of prisons and insane asylums
Reported to Mass. Legislature in 1843 Legislature of Mass and 19 other states took actions of reform by 1860. Women made a difference in polotics!! |
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Brigham Young
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successor of the murdered Joseph Smith as leader of Mormons
Negotiated exodus from Illinois and created Haven in Salt Lake City in 1847 and became governor |
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Organized a meeting for women's rights called the Seneca Falls Convention wiht Lecretia Mott
Convention created the Declaration of Sentiments (all women are created equal) Set the stage for womens rights movement during a time when women were sitll being degraded |
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Moby Dick
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1851 Herman Melville
unsupported at first Revenge on a whale for taking leg Revenge turned good to evil |
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Catherine Beecher
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leader of anti-feminist movement
supported education of women and founded schools Wrote A Treatise on Domestic Economy in 1841 said the home is the "woman's sphere" |
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Walt Whitman
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best and most inventive poets in America
dropped traditional English style of poetry and wrote in freestyle 1855 Leaves of Grass was best Strong political views (abolitionist and free trade) |
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John Sutter
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Swiss refugee evading arrest for bankruptcy
convinced Mexican governor of California to give him a large plot of land for Swiss immigrants 1843 erected a fort for the Americans traveling the from the Oregon Trail (created the California Trails Gold was found in Sutter's Mill and caused the gold rush |
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William B. Travis
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Led the battle at the Alamo against Santa Anna in 1836
10x as many Mexican deaths encouraged rest of Texas to fight for independence |
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Joseph Smith
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started the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ and latter Day Saints
Saw the Savior and God the Father who claimed all other religions were false Led to last portion of the Bible Arrested for polygamy and murdered in jail in 1844 |
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Fifty-four forty or fight
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54 40' was the proposed northern border of the Oregon Territory between British Canada.
Democrats demanded hthis but Polk compromised with the 49th parallel The demands coincided with Manifest Destiny |
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Sam Houston
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President of the young Republic of Texas
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Winfield Scott
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Led US forces at Vera Cruz
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Abraham Lincoln
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Introduced "spot resolution" in Congress, which meant that Congress had to pinpoint each spot that blood was shed
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James K. Polk
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"Young Hickory"
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Nathaniel Hawthorne
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Wrote Walden, or Life in the Woods
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Tredegar Iron Works
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Richmond Virginia
One of the very few Industries in the South Used cheap and free labor to produce cannon, shot, shell, axes, saws, bridge materials, boilers, and steam engines |
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The Gadsden Purchase
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1853, US bought 30,000 square miles from Mexico for $10 million.
Only land acquired by US in 1850s but completed the idea of Manifest Destiny Connected the Southwest to expand to the Pacific by rail |
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The Ostend Manifesto
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Drafted by Pierre Soule, American minister of Madrid and to France and Britian, in 1854
Declaration that the America would be "forced" to take over Cuba if it refused the American offer to buy it and appeared to be a danger |
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David Walker
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Free Black man, pregressive abolitionist writer
Declared that all slaves should be emancipated immediately Walker's Appeal of 1829 was outlawed in most Southern states |
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Gullah
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group of black people in South Carolina
Showed cultural ties of the slave communities preserved the use of over 4,000 words from 21 different African tribes |
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Nat Turner
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conspirator and leader of the only successful slave rebellion
1831 Southampton County, Virginia when slaves joined to kill Turner's master's household and the rest of the town killed 55 white people and 17 slaves were hanged |
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Sojorner Truth
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runaway slave freed in 1828
preached for abolitionism and women's rights during 1840s and 1850s Her hardships were inspiring to the women |
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Wilmot Proviso
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speech by David Wilmot on August 8, 1846 to the House of Reps
Declared that the US or its territories should not institute slavery in the lands acquired that did not already practice it (Texas) Never passed but became the foundation of the Free Soil Party of 1848 |
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Popular Sovereignty
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used by political leaers to dodge the issue of slavery
Said people of the territory could determine whether they had slavery or not Kansas-Nebraska act replaced the Missourie Compromise and used this theory |
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852
depicted the stereotypical slave situation revered by the antislavery forces not debated b/c country was prospering |
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The Freeport Doctrine
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Douglas: "slavery could not exist anywher unless supported by local police regulations"
after Lincoln asked how popular sovereignty could exist wiht the Dred Scott ruling of citizen's right to carry slaves into territories came from Lincoln Douglas Debates in 1858 |
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John Brown
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abolitionist
Him, his five sons, and five black men occupied a federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia for a slave resistance Lee and some marines busted in and stopped the resistance This drove the stake between the North and South Southerners began to question all Northerners |
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Crittenden Compromise
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Proposed by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden
United States' last effort to compromise in order to stay united Proposed amendments: extend the line of 36-30' as the boundary of slavery and maintain it where it existed passed the House and Senate but was never ratified as the 13th amendment |
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Preston Brooks
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Attacked Senator Charles Sumner in 1856 after Sumner had verbally attacked Butler for their practices of slavery
Made Sumner a martyr for the anti slavery movement |
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Matthew Perry
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sent to Tokyo by President Fillmore in 1853 negotiate the release of American shippers and whalers
Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 agreed to an American consulate, promised good treatment ito castaways , and permistted visits in certain ports for supplies and repairs Relationship increased to limited trade |
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Elijah Lovejoy
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antislavery editor in Illinois
kiled in 1837 by a mob outraged by the annoyances of the antislavery movement Fueled the flames for abolitionists and compromised the right to free speech. |
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Edmund Ruffin
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Studied the chemistry of soils to improve their productivity
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Roger B. Taney
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Chief Justice for the Dred Scott case
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James G. Birney
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Presidential candidate for the Liberty Party
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Millard Fillmore
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President before Franklin Pierce
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George Fitzhugh
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Wrote Cannibals All! Or, Slaves Without Masters
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Stephen A. Douglas
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Author of the Freeport Doctrine
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Copperheads
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Northern radicals within the Peace Wing of the Democratic Party
Wanted to end Civil War immediately Lincoln considered their position as disloyal and treasonous |
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Hiram Revels
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First black man to serve as a United States Senator, elected in 1869 by Mississippi because of Revolution
He believed in amnesty of the confederates and full citizenship |
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Robert Anderson
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Unionist
led federal troops to Fort Sumter This outraged the South and led them to fire upons Buchannan's reinforcements Anderson surrendered and this started the Civil War |
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Samuel J. Tilden
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Democratic candidate for the 1876 election against Rutherford B. Hayes
Originally won election in but electoral votes were disputed by the Republicans The two parties compromised and Hayes was elected president in exchanged for removal of troops from the South and Democratic acception of the Reconstruction amendments |
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U.S.S. Merrimack
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ironclad steam frigate abandoned by the Union
Confederates picked it up, repaired it, and set out 1862. Destroyed many Union ships, but fought to a draw against Union ship the Monitor |
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Edwin Stanton
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Secretary of War under Lincoln
War Democrat in full favor of Lincoln's policies Served for Johnson but disagreed w/ his Reconstruction policies Johnson attempted to remove him from office, but was protected by the Tenure of Office Act, and let to the Radical Republican's power |
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Pickett's Charge
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Last day of the Battle of Gettyburg
1,500 Confederate troops led by Pickett attacked the Union on Cemetery Ridge July 3, 1863. Slaughtered and disenheartened Confederates and General Lee Led to his surrender |
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Charles Sumner
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Republican radical : abolition and confiscation of slave plantations
Believed Congress should consider the ex-Confederate states as territories Advocate of Johnson's impeachment |
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Robert Gould Shaw
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Led the North's first all-black military unit during the Civil War
1863 against Fort Wagner Shaw and half of troop died, but encouraged black troops and emancipation |
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waving the bloody shirt
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mud slinging by the Republicans in the election of 1876 about the Democrats involvement as Confederates
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Appomattox
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April 9, 1865
The city where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant and essential the end to the Civil War |
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Union League
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Philadelphia 1862
under Republican Party Helped spread the Republican party through out the South before reconstruction and helped the election of black delegates |
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Robert Smalls
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black harbor pilot
took over Planter, Confederate boat Joined Union Navy |
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Mulligan Letters
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Released by James Mulligan
Linked to 1876 Republican candidate, Blaine, with questionable railroad deals Fearful of the scandal, Republicans opted to elect Hayes as their candidate instead |
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Emanicpation Proclamation
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executive order by Lincoln on Sept 22, 1862
As of Jan 1, 1863 all persons held as slaves within slave states would be freed Only freed those in slave states |
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Hamilton Fish
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Governor of New York the appointed Secretary of State by President Grant
From 3-1869 to 3-1877 he guided foreign policy as Grant's longest lasting appointment |
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Alexander Stephens
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Georgian elected to US Senate in 1866
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George B. McClellan
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1864 Democratic presidential candidate
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Pinckney B.S. Pinchback
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Elected Lieutenant-governor of Louisiana
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Thomas Jackson
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Killed at Chancellorsville by his own men
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Andrew Johnson
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Said treason "must be made infamous and traitors must be impoverished."
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William T. Sherman
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Determined to "make Georgia howl."
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