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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Brain’s Primary Functions
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1.Creating a Sensory Reality
2. Integrating information 3. Producing Behavior |
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Frontal
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“Of the front” or, in reference to brain sections, a viewing orientation from the front
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Sagittal
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Parallel to the length (from front to back) of the skull; used in reference to a plane
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Meninges
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Three layers of protective tissue
1.Dura mater 2.Arachnoid layer 3.Pia mater |
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Dura mater
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hard mother”; tough outer layer of fibrous tissue
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Arachnoid layer:
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like a spider’s web”; thin sheet of delicate connective tissue
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Pia mater
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soft mother”; moderately tough inner layer that clings to the brain’s surface
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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Sodium chloride and other salts
Fills the ventricles and circulates around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space (located between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater) Cushions the brain |
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Meningitis
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Infection of the meninges and CSF
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Cerebrum
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Major structure of the forebrain, consisting of two virtually identical hemispheres (left and right)
Most recently evolved brain structure in humans |
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Cerebellum
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Little brain, Located in the hindbrain; involved in the coordination of motor and possibly other mental processes
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Gyrus
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A groove in brain matter, usually found in the neocortex or cerebellum
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Sulcus
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A small cleft formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex
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Fissure
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A very deep sulcus
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Brainstem
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Central structures of the brain, including the hindbrain, midbrain, and diencephalon
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Surface Blood Vessels
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Anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries
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Stroke
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Sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severe interruption of blood flow
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White Matter
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Areas of the nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axons
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Gray Matter
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Areas of the nervous system predominately composed of cell bodies and blood vessels
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Ventricle
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A cavity in the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Corpus Callosum
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Fiber system connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
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Neurons
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Carry out the brain’s major functions
Approximately 80 billion |
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Glia
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Aid and modulate neurons’ activities
Approximately 100 billion |
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Nucleus
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A group of cells forming a cluster that can be identified with special stains to form a functional grouping
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Nerve
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Large collection of axons coursing together within the central nervous system
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Tract
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Large collection of axons coursing together within the central nervous system
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Nerve (correct)
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Large collection of axons couirsinig together outside the central nervous system
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The Spinal Cord
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Controls most body movements
Can act independently of the brain |
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Spinal reflex
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Automatic movement
Hard to prevent (brain cannot inhibit) Example: Knee-jerk reflex (patellar tendon) |
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The Brainstem
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Begins where spinal cord enters the skull
Produces movement and creates a sensory world Three regions: Hindbrain Midbrain Diencephalon |
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Hindbrain
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Evolutionarily the oldest part of the brain
Contains: Cerebellum Reticular Formation Pons Medulla Control of movement |
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Cerebellum
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Controls complex movements and has a role in a variety of cognitive functions, as well
Size of cerebellum increases with the physical speed and dexterity of a species |
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Reticular Formation
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Netlike mixture of neurons (gray matter) and nerve fibers (white matter)
“Reticular activating system” Stimulates the forebrain: Regulation of sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arousal |
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Pons (“bridge”)
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Connects cerebellum to the rest of the brain
Controls important movements of the body |
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Medulla
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Rostral end of brain
Vital functions: Control of breathing and heart rate |
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Tectum
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(roof of midbrain)
Sensory processing (visual and auditory) Produces orienting movements |
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Tegmentum
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Tegmentum (floor of midbrain)
Eye and limb movements Species-specific behaviors Perception of pain |
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Diencephalon contains:
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thalamus and hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus
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Feeding
Sexual behavior Sleeping Temperature regulation Emotional behavior Hormone function Through connections with the pituitary gland |
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Thalamus
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Sensory processing
Motor processing Integrative functions Motivation Memory |
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The Forebrain contains:
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1. The neocortex
2. Basal Ganglia 3. Limbic system |
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Neocortex
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Regulates various mental activities
-6 layers of gray matter Creates and responds to a perceptual world |
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Basal Ganglia
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Control of movement
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Limbic System
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Regulates emotions and behaviors that create and require memory
-3 or 4 layers of gray matter Controlling motivational states |
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the cortex has four lobes
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frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
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occipital
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vision
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parietal
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tactile
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temporal
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visual, auditory, and gustatory
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frontal
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integrates sensory and motor function ; planning
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Cytoarchitectonic Map
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Map of neocortex based on the organization, structure, and distribution of the cells
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Basal Ganglia
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Collection of nuclei just below the white matter of the cortex
Key: caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus Controls voluntary movement Related disorders Parkinson’s disease and Tourette’s syndrome |
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Limbic System
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Group of structures between the neocortex and brain stem
Key: cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala Regulation of Emotional and sexual behaviors Memory Spatial navigation |
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Dermatome
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Area of the skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers by a single spinal-cord dorsal root
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Law of Bell and Magendie
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The general principle that sensory fibers are located dorsally and motor fibers are located ventrally
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Sympathetic System
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Arouses the body for action (e.g., increase heart rate and blood pressure)
Mediates the “fight or flight” response |