Chapter 2

Front 1

AAA Code of Ethics

Back 1

states that anthropologists have obligations to their scholoarly field, to the wider societ and culture, and to the human species, other species and the environment

Front 2

host country

Back 2

where research takes place

Front 3

paleoanthropology

Back 3

study of human evolution through the fossil record

Front 4

physical anthropologists and archaeologists interests

Back 4

p.a. interested in bones
arch. interested in artifacts

Front 5

informed consent

Back 5

agreement to take part in the research--after having been informed about its nature, procedures, and possible impacts

Front 6

North Americans working in other countries should:

Back 6

1. include host country colleagues in their research planning and requests for funding
2. establish truly collaborative relationships with those colleagues and their institutions before, during and after field work
3. include host country colleagues in dissemination, including publication of the research results
4. ensure that something is "given back" to host country colleagues

Front 7

paleontology

Back 7

the study of ancient life through the fossil record

Front 8

palynology

Back 8

the study of ancient plants through pollen samples

Front 9

anthropometry

Back 9

measurement of human body parts and dimensions, including skeletal parts; done on living as well as skeletal remains; body mass and composition provide measures of nutritional status in living people

Front 10

bone biology (skeletal biology)

Back 10

study of bone as a biological tissue, including its genetics, cell structure, growth, development, and decay, and patterns of movement

Front 11

paleopathology

Back 11

study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites; help locate fossil beds containing remains of animals that can be dated and that are known to have coexisted with hominids at various time periods

Front 12

molecular anthropology

Back 12

uses genetic analysis to assess evolutionary links; studies relationships among ancient and contemporary populations and among species

Front 13

systematic survey

Back 13

provides a regional perspective by gathering information on settlement patterns over a large area;reconstruct settlement areas

Front 14

excavation

Back 14

scientists recoverremains by digging through the cultural and natural stratigraphy (layers of deposits that make up a site)

Front 15

kinds of archaeology

Back 15

experimental, historic, colonial, classical, underwater (pg29,30)

Front 16

taphonomy

Back 16

study of the processes that affect the remains of dead animals

Front 17

relative dating

Back 17

provides a time frame in relation to other strata or materials rather than absolute dates in numbers

Front 18

stratigraphy

Back 18

scince that examines the ways in which earth sediments accumulate in layers known as strata; permits relative dating

Front 19

absolute dating

Back 19

fossils can be dated more precisely, with dates in numbers
carbon-14 dating
potassium argon dating
uranium series
thermoluminescence
electron spin resonance

Front 20

participant observation

Back 20

taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing

Front 21

9 Ethnographic Techniques

Back 21

1. participant observation
2. interviews
3. genealoical method
4. key consultants or informants
5. life histories
6. discovery of local beliefs and perceptions
7. problem oriented research
8. longitudinal research
9. team research

Front 22

diary vs. field notes

Back 22

diary is more personal reaction, fieldnotes are observations

Front 23

rapport

Back 23

good, friendly working relationship based on personal contact, with the hosts

Front 24

interview schedule

Back 24

face-to-face conversation asking questions and writing down answers

Front 25

questionnaire

Back 25

more indirect and impersonal; filling out forms

Front 26

genealogical method

Back 26

well-established ethnographic technique; notation and symbols to deal with kinship, descent, and marriage; helps understand current social relations and to reconstruct history

Front 27

life history

Back 27

provides a more intimate and personal cultural portrait than would be possible otherwise

Front 28

emic

Back 28

investigates how local eople think; "native view point"

Front 29

cultural consultant

Back 29

individuals the ethnographer gets to know in the field who teach him or her about their culture, who provide the emic perspective

Front 30

etic

Back 30

shifts the focus from local observations, categories, explanations, and interpretations to those of the anthropologist; realizes that members of a culture are often too involved in what they are doing to interpret their cultures impartially

Front 31

longitudinal research

Back 31

long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits

Front 32

survey research

Back 32

involves sampling, impersonal data collection, and statistical analysis

Front 33

sample

Back 33

a manageable study group

Front 34

respondents

Back 34

people being studied

Front 35

random sample

Back 35

all members of the population have an equal statistical chance of being chosen for inclusion

Front 36

variables

Back 36

attributes that vary among members of a sample or population

Front 37

complex societies

Back 37

large and populous societies with social stratification and central governments

Front 38

social indicators

Back 38

predictor variables that influence behavior and opinions