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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Applied Science
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Science concerned with solving some real-world problem of importance.
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Basic Science
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Science concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with a view toward using that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspect of the world.
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Control Condition
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A conditional comparable to the experimental condition in every way except that it lacks the one ingredient hypothesized to produce the expected effect on the dependent variable
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Correlational Research
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Research that does not involve random assignments to different situations, or condition, and that psychologists conduct to see whether there is a relationship between the variables.
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Debriefing
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In preliminary versions of an experiment, asking participants straightfowardly if they understand the instructions, found the setup to be reasonable, and so forth. In later versions, debriefings are used to educate participants about the questions being studied.
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Deception Research
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Research in which the participants are misled about the purpose of the research or the meaning of something that is done to them.
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Dependent Variable
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In experimental research, the variable that is measured (as opposed to manipulated); it is hypothesized to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable.
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Experimental Research
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In social psychology, research that randomly assigns people to different conditions, or situations, and that enables researchers to make strong inferences about how these different conditions affect people's behavior.
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External Validity
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An experimental setup that closely resembles real-life situations so that results can safely be generalized to such situations.
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Field Experiment
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An experiment set up in the real world, usually with participants who are not aware that they are in a study of any kind.
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Hindsight Bias
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People's tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a given outcome.
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Hypothesis
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A prediction about what will happen under particular circumstances.
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Independent Variable
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In experimental research, the variable is manipulated; it is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome.
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Informed Consent
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Participant's willingness to participate in a procedure or research study after learning all relevant aspects about about the procedure or study.
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Institutional Review Board (IRB)
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A university committee that examines research proposals and makes judgements about the ethical appropriateness of the research.
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Internal Validity
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In experimental research, confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced the results.
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Intervention
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An effort to change people's behaviors.
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Longitudinal Study
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A study conducted over a long period of time with the same population, which is periodically assessed regarding a particular behavior.
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Measurement Validity
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The correlation between some measure and some outcome that the measure is suppose to predict.
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Natural Experiments
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Naturally occurring events or phenomena having somewhat different conditions that can be compared with almost as much rigor as in experiments where the investigator manipulates the conditions.
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Random Assignment
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Assigning participants in experimental research to different groups randomly, such that they are as likely to be assigned to one condition as to another.
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Reliability
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The degree to which the particular way that researchers measure a given variable is likely to yield consistent results.
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Reverse Causation
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When variable 1 is assumed to cause variable 2, yet the opposite direction of causation may be the case.
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Self-Selection
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A problem that arises when the participant, rather than the investigator, selects his or her level on each variable, bringing with this value unknown other properties that make causal interpretation of a relationship difficult.
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Statistical Significance
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A measure of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance.
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Theory
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A body of related propositions intended to describe some aspects of the world.
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Third Variable
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When variable 1 does not cause variable 2 and variable 2 does not cause variable 1, but rather some other variable exerts a causal influence on both.
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