Chapter 2

Front 1

paradigm

Back 1

when a perspective is shared by investigators
include assumptions and concepts as well as ways to evaluate

Front 2

theory

Back 2

formal, integrated set of principles or propositions that explains phenomena

Front 3

interactional models

Back 3

assumption that variables interrelate to produce an outcome

Front 4

vulnerability-stress model/diathesis-stress

Back 4

multiple causes of psychopathology as the working together of a vulnerability factor and a stress factor

Front 5

transactional models

Back 5

used in study of both normal and abnormal development
assumes dev. is result of ongoing, reciprocal transactions b/w individual and environmental context

Front 6

systems models

Back 6

incorporate several levels/systems of functioning in which development is viewed as occurring over time as the systems interact or enter into ongoing transactions with each other

Front 7

biopsychosocial model

Back 7

integrates genetic activity, nervous system activity, behavior, and several aspects of the environment

Front 8

ecological model

Back 8

situates the individual within a network of environmental influences and assumes transactions b/w the person and these influences, as well as among the several levels of the environment

Front 9

developmental psychopathology perspective

Back 9

coming together of:
developmental psyc,
clinical child/adolescent psyc,
and psychiatry

Front 10

development

Back 10

change over lifespan, results from ongoing transactions of an individual with biological, psychological, and sociocultural variables

Front 11

medical model

Back 11

considers disorders to be discrete entities (things) that result from specific and limited biological causes w/in the individual

Front 12

direct effect

Back 12

variable X --> outcome

Front 13

indirect effect

Back 13

variable x --> other influences --> outcome

Front 14

mediator

Back 14

factor or variable that explains or brings about an outcome, by indirect means

Front 15

moderator

Back 15

variable that influences direction or strength of relationship b/w independent and dependent variable

Front 16

necessary cause

Back 16

must be present in order for disorder to occur

Front 17

sufficient cause

Back 17

can, and and of itself, be responsible for disorder

Front 18

contributing cause

Back 18

can be operating; are not necessary or sufficient. may contribute by adding or multiplying their effects to reach a threshold to produce the probelm

Front 19

equifinality

Back 19

diverse paths, or factors, can be associated with the same outcome

Front 20

multifinality

Back 20

an experience may function differently depending on a host of other influences that may lead to different outcomes

Front 21

risk factors/risks

Back 21

variables that precede and increase the chance of psychological impairments

Front 22

resilience

Back 22

relatively positive outcome in the face of significantly adverse or traumatic experiences

Front 23

developmental tasks

Back 23

cultural age-expectations applied to young people

Front 24

heterotypic continuity

Back 24

the expression of some disorders may change with development
ex depression in childhood displayed somewhat differently than in adolescence or adulthood

Front 25

homotypic continuity

Back 25

disorders that may be manifested over time by a relatively stalbe symptom presentation

Front 26

attachment

Back 26

develops gradually and becomes evident when the child is 7 yo 9 months of age

Front 27

secure attachment

Back 27

when distressed, seek contact wtih caregiver upon return; react positively; use caregiver as secure base

Front 28

insecure attachment

Back 28

fail to use caregiver as a resource to cope with stress

Front 29

disorganized/disoriented attachment

Back 29

reflects lack of a consistent strategy to organize behavior under stressful situations

Front 30

temperament

Back 30

basic disposition or makeup
two general factors: reactivity to stimulation and self-regulation of functioning

Front 31

goodness-of-fit

Back 31

how the child's behavioral tendencies fit with parental characteristics and other environmental circumstances

Front 32

effortful control

Back 32

a dimension that includes the ability to focus attention and inhibit behavior

Front 33

emotion

Back 33

1. private "feelings" of sadness, joy, anger, disgust, and the like
2. autonomic nervous system arousal and bodily reactions such as rapid heartbeat
3. overt beheavioral expressions such as smiles, scowls, drooping shoulders

Front 34

social cognitive procesing

Back 34

thinking about the social world
how individuals take in, understand, and interpret social situations, and how behavior is then affected