Chapter 2

Front 1

Digestive:

Back 1

Mouth,pharynx(throat),esophagus,stomach,intestine(small and large),liver,gallbladder,pancreas.

Front 2

Urinary or excretory:

Back 2

Kidneys,ureters(tubes,from the kidneys to the urinary bladder),urinary

Front 3

Respiratory:

Back 3

Nose,pharynx,larynx(voice box),trachea(windpipe),bronchial tubes,lungs(where the exchange of gases takes place).

Front 4

Reproductive:

Back 4

Female:Ovaries,fallopian tubes,uter(womb),vagina,mammary glands

Front 5

Reproductive:

Back 5

Male:Test and associated tubes,urethra,penis,prostate gland.

Front 6

Endocrine:

Back 6

Thyroid gland(in the neck),pituitary gland (at the base of the brain),sex glands (ovaries and testes),adrenal glands,pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands.

Front 7

Nervous:

Back 7

Brain,spinal cord,nerous,and collections of nerves.

Front 8

Circulatory:

Back 8

Heart,blood vessels(arteries,veins, and capillaries),lymphatic vessels and nodes,spleen, thymus gland.

Front 9

Circulatory:

Back 9

Heart,blood vessels (arteries,veins, and capillaries),lymphatic vessels and nodes,spleen,thymus glands.

Front 10

Musculoskeletal:

Back 10

Muslces,bone,and joints.

Front 11

Skin and sense organs:

Back 11

Skin,hair,nails,sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands;eye,ear,nose,and tongue.

Front 12

Cranial[1]

Back 12

Brain,pituitary gland.

Front 13

Thoracic[2]

Back 13

Lungs,heart,esophagus,trachea,bronchial tubes,thymus gland,aorta(large artery).

Front 14

Thoracic[2]

Back 14

The thoracic cavity is divided into two smaller cavities(Figure 2-7):
a. Pleural cavity-space between the folds of the pleura surrounding each lung The pleura is a double-folded membrane that surrounds the lungs and protect them.If the pleural cavity may fill with fluid.
b. Mediastinum-centrally located area outside of and between the lungs.It contains the heart,aorta,trachea,esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes.

Front 15

Continue lableling Figure 2-6
Abdominal [3]

Back 15

The peritoneum is the double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity (Figure 2-8 ). The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs situated behind(retroperitoneal area) the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone (see Figures 2-8 and 2-10).Stomach,small and large intestines,spleen,pancreas,liver, and gallbladder.
The diaphragm (a muscular wall) divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities (see Figure 2-6).

Front 16

Pelvic[4]

Back 16

Portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder,urethra,and ureters; uterus and vagins in the female.

Front 17

Spinal[5]

Back 17

Nerves of the spinal cord.

Front 18

Anterior(ventral)[1]

Back 18

Front surface of the body.Example: The forehead is on the anterior side of the body.

Front 19

Posterior(dorsal)[2]

Back 19

The back side of the body. Example:The back of the head is posterior(dorsal) to the face.

Front 20

Deep[3]

Back 20

Away from the surface. Example: The stab wound penetrated deep into the abdomen.

Front 21

Superficial [4]

Back 21

On the surface. Example: Superficial veins can be viewed through the skin.

Front 22

Proximal[5]

Back 22

Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the begining of a stucture. Example The promixmal end of the upper arm bone (humerus) joins with the shoulder bone.

Front 23

Distal[6]

Back 23

Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure. Example: At its distal end, the humerus joins with the lower arm bones at the elbow.

Front 24

Inferoi[7]

Back 24

Below another structure. Example: The feet are at the inferior part of the body. They are inferior to the knees. The term caudal (pertaining to the tail, or to the lower portion of the body) alson means away from the head or below another structure.