Chapter 19- The Blood

Front 1

The ____________ system is made of the blood, heart, and the blood vessels.

Back 1

Cardiovascular

Front 2

Blood is made of what?

Back 2

Blood plasma

Front 3

What fluid is similar to plasma and bathes body cells?

Back 3

Interstitual fluid

Front 4

What direction do wastes move?

Back 4

Reverse

Front 5

-the study of blood and blood disorders.

Back 5

Hematology

Front 6

The blood makes up what percent of body weight?

Back 6

8%

Front 7

What is the temperature of blood?

Back 7

100.4 degrees F

Front 8

What is the pH of blood?

Back 8

7.4

Front 9

How much blood does the average male have? and female?

Back 9

5-6 liters; 4-5 liters

Front 10

-sample is taken from a vein (median cubital) with a hypodermic needle and a syringe

Back 10

Venipuncture

Front 11

-is a blood protein that maintains blood osmotic pressure.

Back 11

Albumin

Front 12

-antibodies which bind to foreign substances called antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes.

Back 12

Immunoglobulins

Front 13

-produced by the liver and responsible for blood clotting

Back 13

Fibrinogen

Front 14

What are red blood cells?

Back 14

Erythrocytes

Front 15

What are white blood cells?

Back 15

Leukocytes

Front 16

Name the granular leukocytes.

Back 16

1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophils

Front 17

What are the agranular leukocytes?

Back 17

Lymphocytes & Monocytes

Front 18

-helper T cells, B cells (plasma cells that produce antibodies), and natural killer T cells

Back 18

Lymphocytes

Front 19

-become a macrophage when leaving the blood stream.

Back 19

Monocytes

Front 20

-special cell fragments that help form clots.

Back 20

Platelets

Front 21

-the process of blood cell formation.

Back 21

Hematopoiesis

Front 22

Where does hematopoiesis occur in embryos?

Back 22

Yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.

Front 23

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?

Back 23

Ends of long bones and red marrow of flat bones like sternum, ribs, skill, and pelvis

Front 24

-produced when oxygen is low. It is produced by the kidneys (90%) and liver (10%). Increases the production of RBCs.

Back 24

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Front 25

-is the hormone from the liver which stimulates platelet formation.

Back 25

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

Front 26

-local hormones of the bone marrow. It is produced by some marrow cells to stimulate proliferating in other marrow cells.

Back 26

Cytokines

Front 27

What is the shape of a RBC and why?

Back 27

Biconcave disk because it a gives the RBCs a flexible shape for narrow passages

Front 28

RBCs have no what?

Back 28

Nucleus, other organelles, cell division or mitochondrial ATP formation

Front 29

-lack of absorption or loss of iron.

Back 29

Iron-deficiency anemia

Front 30

-lack of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption.

Back 30

Pernicious anemia

Front 31

-loss of RBCs due to bleeding (ulcer)

Back 31

Hemorrhagic anemia

Front 32

-RBCs burst. Ex. snake bite

Back 32

Hemolytic anemia

Front 33

-hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin.

Back 33

Thalassemia anemia

Front 34

-destruction of bone marrow due to radiation, toxins, or antibiotics.

Back 34

Aplastic anemia

Front 35

-not enough RBCs or the Hgb content is reduced which reduces the oxygen-carriny capacity of the blood. Symptoms are fatigue, cold intolerance, and paleness.

Back 35

Anemia

Front 36

Plasma is about _____% water.

Back 36

90%

Front 37

Oxygen attaches to _______ of the hemoglobin.

Back 37

Iron

Front 38

A RBC lives about _______ days.

Back 38

120

Front 39

Polycythemia can cause ________________.

Back 39

Decreased perfusion

Front 40

Sickle-cell anemia primarily affects the ______ of the RBC?

Back 40

Hemoglobin

Front 41

B cells are T cells are types of ______________.

Back 41

Lymphocytes

Front 42

-numbers will increase with a bacterial infection of the throat.

Back 42

Neutrophil

Front 43

-numbers will increase with parasitic worm infection.

Back 43

Eosinophil

Front 44

-will intensify an inflammatory reaction.

Back 44

Basophil

Front 45

-may leave vascular space to become a macrophage.

Back 45

Monocytes

Front 46

What blood type is considered to be the universal recipient?

Back 46

Type AB

Front 47

What blood type is considered to be the universal donor?

Back 47

Type O

Front 48

-the process of mixing the donor and recipient blood in order to determine if they are compatible for a blood transfusion.

Back 48

Cross-match

Front 49

-named after the rhesus monkey in which it was first studied. Individuals are Rh positive if they have the Rh agglutinogens and are Rh negative if they lack these.

Back 49

Rh Group

Front 50

-the transfer of whole blood, cells, or plasma in to the bloodstream of recipient to treat anemia or severe blood loss.

Back 50

Blood transfusion

Front 51

The oxygen is attached to _____ of the heme and the carbon dioxide attaches to the __________ within the globin part of hemoglobin

Back 51

iron; amino acids

Front 52

Where does the recycling of hemoglobin occur?

Back 52

liver or spleen

Front 53

-transported in blood attached to transferrin protein. It is stored in the liver, muscle, or spleen and in the bone marrow to be used for hemoglobin synthesis.

Back 53

Iron

Front 54

-(green) converted to bilirubin.

Back 54

Biliverdin

Front 55

-(yellow) transported to the liver and secreted by the liver into bile. Excessive RBC destruction leads to jaundice.

Back 55

Bilirubin

Front 56

-production of RBCs

Back 56

Erthyropoiesis

Front 57

1. Proerythroblasts start to produce hemoglobin.
2. It matures, ejects the nucleus, and a reticulocyte is formed.
3. Reticulocytes escape from the bone marrow into the blood.
4. Mature RBC form in 5-7 days from marrow to mature RBC in circulation. 2 million are produced per second.

Back 57

Erthyropoiesis

Front 58

-count should be .5% to 1.5% of the circulating RBCs. Low count may be due to leukemia, nutritional deficiency, or failure of the red bone marrow to respond to erythropoietin stimulation. High count may indicate recent blood loss or successful iron therapy.

Back 58

Reticulocyte

Front 59

-due to high altitude or lower oxygen pressure causes anemia which is low RBC production. The kidneys and liver responds by releasing erythropoietin. This speeds up development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes.

Back 59

Tissue hypoxia (low oxygen)

Front 60

-the percentage of formed elements in a blood sample. The normal range for a female 38-46% with an average of 42%. The normal range for men is 40-54% with an average of 46%.

Back 60

Hematocrit