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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the major spore forming genera? |
Clostridium Bacillus |
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What diseases are caused by genera Clostridium? |
Clostridium botulinum - botulism Clostridium tetani - tetanus Clostridium perfringens - gas gangrene Costridium difficile - C. diff associated disease |
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What diseases are caused by the Genus Bacillus? |
B. anthracis - anthrax (cutaneous and inhaled) B. cereus - food poisoning |
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How can gram positive rods be catergorized? |
Endospore formers/Non-endospore formers Aerobic/facultative anaerobes Obligate anaerobes Shape and staining Acid fast or not |
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What are the characteristics of botulism? |
- caused by C. botulinum - botulism is associated with eating poorly canned or preserved food - releases botulinum toxin - relaxes muscles, also used in botox - can also infect the very young directly, producing the toxin en vivo |
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What are the characteristics of anthrax? |
- zoonotic, passed from animals to humans - Cutaneous infections are least dangerous, occur when B. anthracis spore enter broke skin. -Pulmonary anthrax occurs when spores are inhaled, 99% deadly - Rare in US, most animals and at-risk humans are vaccinated against it |
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What are the characteristics of gas gangrene/myonecrosis? |
-Caused by C. perfringens, novyi, septicum. - Surgical incisions, compound fractures, diabetic ulcers, puncture wounds, crushing injuries predispose a person to infection -Obligate anaerobe - Produces toxin and gas, damages tissue |
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What are the characteristics of Tetanus? |
- Occurs when spores of C. tetani are forced deep into tissues. - Strict anaerobe so those who have puncture wounds are most at risk - Produces tetanospasmin, which causes muscles lock up, eventually preventing respiration |
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What are the characteristics of a C-diff infection? |
-Caused by C. difficile -Found in small intestine in small amounts, intensive antibiotic therapy can cause susceptibility to it's growth - Produces enterotoxins which cause diarrhea |
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Which gram + rod genuses cause food poisoning? |
Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens Bacillus cereus |
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What is the difference between a regular rod and an irregular rod? |
Ireegular rods stain unevenly and exhibit pleomorphism within the same species |
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What are the characteristics of Listeria monocyogenes? |
-Causes listeriosis, which is normally mild. In immunocompromised patients, may affect brain and meninges - Causes complication with pregnancy, infection may be passed to fetus and could cause fetal death or damage to nervous system. - Directly replicates within cytoplasm of the host, moves directly from cell to cell avoiding humoral immunity. |
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Where is Listeria monocytogenes found? |
Primarily soil and water, secondary sources include animals, plants, and food. Most cases are associated with dairy products, poultry and meat. |
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How is Listeria monocytogenes prevented from infecting humans? |
Pregnant women are advised to stay away from soft cheese, lunchmeat. Cooking suspected infected foods will also prevent infection |
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What are the characteristics of acid-fast bacilli? |
Mycobacterium Resistant to drying, acids, and various germicides. Long, slender, straight or curved rods with a slight tendency to be filamentous Usually contain granules and vacuoles No flagella, capsules, or spores |
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What diseases are caused by acid fast bacilli? |
Tuberculosis Hansen's Disease (leprosy) |
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What causes tuberculosis? |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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What causes hansen's disease? |
Mycobacterium leprae |
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What causes gas gangrene? |
C. perfringens |
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In what genus and species is a cord factor found? |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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What is a cord factor? |
This component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis prevents the bacterium from being destroyed by lysosomes and macrophages |