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21 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

What are the major spore forming genera?

Clostridium


Bacillus

What diseases are caused by genera Clostridium?

Clostridium botulinum - botulism


Clostridium tetani - tetanus


Clostridium perfringens - gas gangrene


Costridium difficile - C. diff associated disease


What diseases are caused by the Genus Bacillus?

B. anthracis - anthrax (cutaneous and inhaled)


B. cereus - food poisoning

How can gram positive rods be catergorized?

Endospore formers/Non-endospore formers


Aerobic/facultative anaerobes


Obligate anaerobes


Shape and staining


Acid fast or not

What are the characteristics of botulism?

- caused by C. botulinum


- botulism is associated with eating poorly canned or preserved food


- releases botulinum toxin - relaxes muscles, also used in botox


- can also infect the very young directly, producing the toxin en vivo

What are the characteristics of anthrax?

- zoonotic, passed from animals to humans


- Cutaneous infections are least dangerous, occur when B. anthracis spore enter broke skin.


-Pulmonary anthrax occurs when spores are inhaled, 99% deadly


- Rare in US, most animals and at-risk humans are vaccinated against it

What are the characteristics of gas gangrene/myonecrosis?

-Caused by C. perfringens, novyi, septicum.


- Surgical incisions, compound fractures, diabetic ulcers, puncture wounds, crushing injuries predispose a person to infection


-Obligate anaerobe


- Produces toxin and gas, damages tissue

What are the characteristics of Tetanus?

- Occurs when spores of C. tetani are forced deep into tissues.


- Strict anaerobe so those who have puncture wounds are most at risk


- Produces tetanospasmin, which causes muscles lock up, eventually preventing respiration

What are the characteristics of a C-diff infection?

-Caused by C. difficile


-Found in small intestine in small amounts, intensive antibiotic therapy can cause susceptibility to it's growth


- Produces enterotoxins which cause diarrhea

Which gram + rod genuses cause food poisoning?

Clostridium botulinum


Clostridium perfringens


Bacillus cereus

What is the difference between a regular rod and an irregular rod?

Ireegular rods stain unevenly and exhibit pleomorphism within the same species

What are the characteristics of Listeria monocyogenes?

-Causes listeriosis, which is normally mild. In immunocompromised patients, may affect brain and meninges


- Causes complication with pregnancy, infection may be passed to fetus and could cause fetal death or damage to nervous system.


- Directly replicates within cytoplasm of the host, moves directly from cell to cell avoiding humoral immunity.

Where is Listeria monocytogenes found?

Primarily soil and water, secondary sources include animals, plants, and food. Most cases are associated with dairy products, poultry and meat.

How is Listeria monocytogenes prevented from infecting humans?

Pregnant women are advised to stay away from soft cheese, lunchmeat. Cooking suspected infected foods will also prevent infection

What are the characteristics of acid-fast bacilli?

Mycobacterium


Resistant to drying, acids, and various germicides.


Long, slender, straight or curved rods with a slight tendency to be filamentous


Usually contain granules and vacuoles


No flagella, capsules, or spores

What diseases are caused by acid fast bacilli?

Tuberculosis


Hansen's Disease (leprosy)

What causes tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

What causes hansen's disease?

Mycobacterium leprae

What causes gas gangrene?

C. perfringens

In what genus and species is a cord factor found?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

What is a cord factor?

This component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis prevents the bacterium from being destroyed by lysosomes and macrophages