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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Population |
group of individuals of one species living in one area who can interbreed and interact with each other |
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Community |
consists of all the organisms living in one area |
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Ecosystem |
includes all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact |
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Abiotic Factors |
are nonliving and include temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rocks, and soil |
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Biotic Factors |
Include all the organisms with which an organism might react, such as birds, insects, predators, prey and parasites |
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Biosphere |
is the global ecosystem |
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Niche |
includes what an organism eats and what it needs to survive |
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Populations are defined by (3) |
size, density, dispersion |
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Population: Size
4 variables that limit the size of a population |
total number of individuals in a population
number of births, number of deaths, immigration, and emigration |
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Population: Density |
the number of individuals per unit area or volume |
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Population: Dispersion
3 Patterns of Dispersion |
the pattern of spacing of individuals within the area the population inhabits
Clumped-fish, Uniform-plants, Random-trees |
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Biotic Potential
4 Factors that Influence |
the maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions
-Age at which reproduction begins -Lifespan that they are capable of reproducing -# of reproductive periods in lifetime -# of offspring at one time |
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r-strategists
4 Characteristics and Example |
-Many, small young -Little or no parenting -Rapid maturation -Reproduce once -EX: Insects |
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K-strategists
5 Characteristics and Example |
-Few, large youn -Intensive parenting -Slow maturation -Reproduce many times
-EX: Mammals |
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Limiting Factors |
factors that limit population growth |
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Density-dependent factors
3 Examples |
factors that increase directly as the population density increases
competition for food, buildup of wastes, predation, disease |
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Density-independent factors
3 Examples |
factors whose occurrence is unrelated to the population density
earthquakes, storms, naturally occurring fires, floods |
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5 Population Interactions |
competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism |
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Competitive Exclusion Principle |
two species cannot coexist in a community if they share a niche, that is, if they compete for the same resources |
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Resource Partitioning |
when two species inhabit the same niche and one evolves though natural selection to exploit different resources |
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Character Displacement |
when two species inhabit the same niche and differences between species are highlighted to reduce competition |
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Predation |
one animal eating another animal or animals eating plants |
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Plant Defenses |
spines, thorns, chemical poisons (such as strychnine, mescaline, morphine, and nicotine) |
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Aposematic coloration |
very bright, often red or orange coloration of poisonous animals is a warning |
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Batesian mimicry
Example |
copycat coloration, where one harmless animal mimics the coloration of another that is poisonous
EX: viceroy butterfly harmless but looks like the poisonous monarch butterfly |
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Mullerian mimicry |
2 or more poisonous species resemble each other and gain an advantage from their combined numbers |
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Mutualism
Example |
symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit (+,+)
EX: Bacteria that live in the human intestine and produce citations for the host |
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Commensalism
Example |
symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and one is neither helped nor harmed (+/o)
EX: Barnacles, small sessile crustaceans, who attach themselves to the underside of a wale, benefit by gaining access to a variety of food sources as the whale swims into different areas |
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Parasitism
Example |
symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits while the host is harmed (+/-)
EX: A tapeworm in the human intestine |
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Food chain |
pathway along which energy is transferred from one tropic or feeding level to another |
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Producers
3 Examples |
convert light energy to chemical bond energy, greatest biomass of any trophic level
green plants, diatoms (photosynthetic algae in oceans), phytoplankton (algae and photosynthetic bacteria that drift passively in aquatic environments) |
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Productivity |
rate at which organic matter is created by producers |
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Gross primary productivity |
amount of energy converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis per unit time |
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Net primary productivity |
the gross primary productivity - energy used by the primary producers for respiration |
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Biological Magnification |
Organisms occupying higher trophic levels have greater concentration of accumulated toxins soared in their bodies than those at lower trophic levels |
