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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 functions of blood? |
Transportation, regulation, and protection |
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What synthesizes most plasma proteins? |
Hepatocytes |
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What are the 3 hepatocytes? |
Albumins (54%) Fibrinogen (7%) Globulin (38%) |
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What are the 3 formed elements of cell and cell fragments? |
Red blood cells (RBCs) White blood cells (WBCs) Platelets |
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What is the most abundant formed element? |
RBCs |
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What system regulates the total number of RBS and platelets in circulation? |
Negative feedback system |
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What is hemopoiesis? |
The formation of blood cells and platelets which occurs in red bone marrow |
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What type of stem cells have the ability to develop into multiple types of cells? |
Pluripotent stem cells |
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Where do stem cells enter the blood stream? |
Sinusoids |
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What is the only formed element that doesn't divide once it leaves the bone marrow? |
Lymphocytes |
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What do pluripotent stem cells produce? |
Myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells |
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What growth factors regulate differentiation and proliferation? |
Hemopoietic |
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Why do RBCs have a biconcave disc? |
Increases surface area which allows for more oxygen |
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Why do RBCs carry protein hemoglobin? |
It helps attach oxygen to the RBC |
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How many polypeptide chains are in hemoglobin? |
4 |
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How long does a RBC live for? |
About 120 days |
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What happens when a RBC is ruptured? |
Removed from circulation and destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver |
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What is erythropoiesis? |
Production of red blood cells |
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What stimulates the release of erythropoietin? |
Hypoxia: a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues |
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What are agglutinogens? |
Contain genetically determined assortment of antigens |
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Type A blood |
Contains antigen A |
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Type B blood |
Contains antigen B |
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Type AB blood |
Contains antigens A and B (universal recipient) |
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Type O blood |
Contains no antigens (universal donor) |
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Rh+ |
Contain Rh antigen |
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Rh- |
Lack Rh antigens |
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What is hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN)? |
Blood from Rh+ fetus contacts Rh- mother during birth; affects second Rh+ baby |
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What makes WBCs white? |
Their lack in hemoglobin |
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What are the two main categories of WBCs? |
Granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes |
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What are some granular leukocytes? |
Neutro-phils, eosino-phils, and baso-phils |
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What are some agranular leukocytes? |
Lympho-cytes and mono-cytes |
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What is leukocytosis? |
Protective response to invaders, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery |
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What is a deficiency in WBCs called? |
Leukopenia; never beneficial |
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What is the general function of WBCs? |
To combat invaders by phagocytosis or immune responses |
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What are some active phagocytes? |
Neutrophils and machrophages |
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What WBC responds quickest to tissue damage? |
Neutrophils |
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What do neutrophils use to fight bacteria? |
Lysozymes, strong oxidants, and defensins |
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Which WBC arrives in larger numbers? |
Monocytes |
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Which WBC intensifies inflammatory reaction (allergies)? |
Basophils |
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Which WBC fights against parasitic worms? |
Eosinophils |
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What are the major soldiers of the immune system? |
Lymphocytes |
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Which cells are specific in telling the difference between viruses? |
B cells and T cells |
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Which cells kill any cell that doesn't look right? |
Natural killers |
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What is the main function of platelets/ thrombocytes? |
Blood clotting |
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What is hemostasis? |
The sequence of responses that stops bleeding |
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What are the 3 mechanisms that reduce blood loss? |
1. vascular phase (smooth muscle in artery contracts) 2. platelet phase (platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel) 3. coagulation (blood clotting) |
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What are the 3 stages of clotting? |
1. Extrinsic/intrinsic pathways lead to formation of prothrombinase 2. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin 3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin forming the threads of the clot |
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Is fibrinogen soluble? |
Yes |
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Is fibrin soluble? |
No |
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What are two positive effects of thrombin? |
Accelerates formation of prothrombinase and activates platelets |
