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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The sequence of the amino acids determines |
the shape and properties of the protein |
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The interactions between proteins drives ... |
how cells operate |
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Genetic code determines the ________ of _________ found in ___________ |
sequence of amino acids in proteins |
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Define gene expression |
the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA |
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The path of gene expression is called the |
central dogma |
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The path of gene expression proposes that |
1. the genetic information passes the genes (DNA) to an RNA copy of the gene via TRANSCRIPTION 2. Then the RNA copy directs the sequential assembly of a chain of amino acids to produce a protein via TRANSLATION |
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A codon is a |
3-base pair segment of DNA that code for an amino acid |
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Start codons (2) |
AUG, methionine |
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Stop codons |
UGA, UAA, UAG |
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Does DNA leave the nucleus during protein synthesis? |
No DNA too large to leave through nuclear pores |
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How does the genetic information leave the nucleus during protein synthesis? |
Messenger RNA (mRNA) reads DNA cod and carries it to ribosome **RNA uses uracil instead of thymine |
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2 mahor steps to making proteins? |
1. Transcription: splitting DNA and making a copy of mRNA 2. Translation: proteins are made by tRNA bringing amino acids as described by the mRNA |
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Transcription begins once |
the double stranded DNA in the nucleus "unzips" using helicase |
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During transcription, the side of the DNA strand to be copied and carried to the ribosomes is called the |
sense strand |
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During transcription, the side of the DNA strand that is not copied and carried is called the |
anti-sense strand |
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During transcription ___________ starts at the _______ region on the __________ strand of the DNA. |
RNA polymerase, promoter, sense |
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During transcription mRNA nucleotides do what? What direction does this occur in? |
Find their appropriate pairs (using uracil in place of thymine) and are bound together using RNA polymerase. It occurs in the 5' -> 3' direction |
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A chemical translator and protein synthesis equipment work together to assemble proteins once the mRNA strand reaches the |
cytoplasm |
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Molecule that links each mRNA codon to its specific amino acid is |
Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
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STEPS IN TRANSCRIPTION: (6) |
1. Double stranded DNA in the nucleus "unzips" (helicase) 2. One side is to be copied (sense strand) 3. RNA polymerase starts at the promoter region on the sense strand of the DNA 4. mRNA nucleotides find their appropriate pair and are bound together using RNA polymerase complex (occurs in 5' -> 3' direction) 5. When a stop signal nuceltoide sequence is reached, transcription stops 6. Single strand mRNA moves to a ribosome out in the cytoplasm |
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STEPS TO TRANSLATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: (5) |
1. Ribosome forms from 2 subunits and attaches to mRNA 2. Iniator codon (AUG) starts the protein sythesis 3. Each tRNA has a specific amino acid that it can hold on one side. The other side od the tRNA has an anti-codon side that matches up with the mRNA codon 4. Amino acids get put together like a chain (using energy) by peptide bonds according to code on the mRNA 5.To stop chain, terminator codon (UAA or UAG) turns the translation synthesis off |
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Summarize protein synthesis: (6) |
1. DNA unzips 2. mRNA makes a complementary copy of DNA 3. The ribosomees match the mRNA with tRNA that carry amino acids 4. The amino acids form a chain, which becomes a protein 5. The mRNA "stop" codon is read and synthesis stops |
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The order of the base pairs in a DNA molecule makes up |
the genetic code of an organism that is necessary to build a protein |
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Theory that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA is referred to as |
the central dogma of gene expression |
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Transcription takes place in the ? |
Nucleus |
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Genetic code is interpreted in terms of |
mRNA codons rather than nucleotide sequence of DNA |
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Characteristics of the genetic code: (2) |
1. Redundant - more than one codon can code for the same amino acid 2. Continuous - Genetic code reads as a series of three-letter codons without spaces, punctuation or overlap |
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START CODON |
AUG also codes for amino acid methionine |
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STOP CODONS |
UAA, UAG, UGA |
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Main enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of RNA are |
RNA polymerase |
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Once RNA polymerase complex has bound to the sense strand of the DNA it |
opens a section of the double helix, the enzymes then work their way along the DNA molecule and sythesis a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the sense strand |
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Main structures of protein synthesis equipment are |
ribosomes |
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one lobe of tRNA contains the _____, at the opposite end of the molecule is a binding site for amino acid that _______to the _____ |
anticodon, corresponds, codons |
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Translation is activated when an mRNA molecule binds to an |
active ribosome complex |