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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

The sequence of the amino acids determines

the shape and properties of the protein

The interactions between proteins drives ...

how cells operate

Genetic code determines the ________ of _________ found in ___________

sequence of amino acids in proteins

Define gene expression

the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA

The path of gene expression is called the

central dogma

The path of gene expression proposes that

1. the genetic information passes the genes (DNA) to an RNA copy of the gene via TRANSCRIPTION


2. Then the RNA copy directs the sequential assembly of a chain of amino acids to produce a protein via TRANSLATION

A codon is a

3-base pair segment of DNA that code for an amino acid

Start codons (2)

AUG, methionine

Stop codons

UGA, UAA, UAG

Does DNA leave the nucleus during protein synthesis?

No DNA too large to leave through nuclear pores

How does the genetic information leave the nucleus during protein synthesis?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) reads DNA cod and carries it to ribosome **RNA uses uracil instead of thymine

2 mahor steps to making proteins?

1. Transcription: splitting DNA and making a copy of mRNA


2. Translation: proteins are made by tRNA bringing amino acids as described by the mRNA

Transcription begins once

the double stranded DNA in the nucleus "unzips" using helicase

During transcription, the side of the DNA strand to be copied and carried to the ribosomes is called the

sense strand

During transcription, the side of the DNA strand that is not copied and carried is called the

anti-sense strand

During transcription ___________ starts at the _______ region on the __________ strand of the DNA.

RNA polymerase, promoter, sense

During transcription mRNA nucleotides do what? What direction does this occur in?

Find their appropriate pairs (using uracil in place of thymine) and are bound together using RNA polymerase. It occurs in the 5' -> 3' direction

A chemical translator and protein synthesis equipment work together to assemble proteins once the mRNA strand reaches the

cytoplasm

Molecule that links each mRNA codon to its specific amino acid is

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

STEPS IN TRANSCRIPTION: (6)

1. Double stranded DNA in the nucleus "unzips" (helicase)


2. One side is to be copied (sense strand)


3. RNA polymerase starts at the promoter region on the sense strand of the DNA


4. mRNA nucleotides find their appropriate pair and are bound together using RNA polymerase complex (occurs in 5' -> 3' direction)


5. When a stop signal nuceltoide sequence is reached, transcription stops


6. Single strand mRNA moves to a ribosome out in the cytoplasm

STEPS TO TRANSLATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: (5)

1. Ribosome forms from 2 subunits and attaches to mRNA


2. Iniator codon (AUG) starts the protein sythesis


3. Each tRNA has a specific amino acid that it can hold on one side. The other side od the tRNA has an anti-codon side that matches up with the mRNA codon


4. Amino acids get put together like a chain (using energy) by peptide bonds according to code on the mRNA


5.To stop chain, terminator codon (UAA or UAG) turns the translation synthesis off

Summarize protein synthesis: (6)

1. DNA unzips


2. mRNA makes a complementary copy of DNA


3. The ribosomees match the mRNA with tRNA that carry amino acids


4. The amino acids form a chain, which becomes a protein


5. The mRNA "stop" codon is read and synthesis stops

The order of the base pairs in a DNA molecule makes up

the genetic code of an organism that is necessary to build a protein

Theory that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA is referred to as

the central dogma of gene expression

Transcription takes place in the ?

Nucleus

Genetic code is interpreted in terms of

mRNA codons rather than nucleotide sequence of DNA

Characteristics of the genetic code: (2)

1. Redundant - more than one codon can code for the same amino acid


2. Continuous - Genetic code reads as a series of three-letter codons without spaces, punctuation or overlap

START CODON

AUG also codes for amino acid methionine

STOP CODONS

UAA, UAG, UGA

Main enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of RNA are

RNA polymerase

Once RNA polymerase complex has bound to the sense strand of the DNA it

opens a section of the double helix, the enzymes then work their way along the DNA molecule and sythesis a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the sense strand

Main structures of protein synthesis equipment are

ribosomes

one lobe of tRNA contains the _____, at the opposite end of the molecule is a binding site for amino acid that _______to the _____

anticodon, corresponds, codons

Translation is activated when an mRNA molecule binds to an

active ribosome complex