Chapter 18 Vocabulary

Front 1

Island Communities

Back 1

widely isolated and seperated cities and villages that were tied together through railroads

Front 2

Credit Mobilier

Back 2

a construction company controlled by the inner ring on the Union Pacific. They used this company to get grants from the government faster since it was a seperate company. They bribed cCongressman so they wouldn't investigate what they were doing.

Front 3

Truck Lines

Back 3

freight lines. they linked eastern seaports with the rich traffic of the great lakes and western rivers.

Front 4

Railroad Gauge

Back 4

the distance between the inner sides of the heads of the two load bearing parallel rails that make up a single railway line

Front 5

J. Edgar Thomson

Back 5

with Thomas Scott they built the 4th truck line, the Pennsylvannia railroad the ran from philly to pittsburgh

Front 6

Thomas Scott

Back 6

with J. Edgar Thomson built the 4th truck line, the PEnnsylvannia railroad that ran from philly to pittsburgh

Front 7

JP Morgan

Back 7

head of New York investment Company. Refinanced railroads after Panic of 1893. Reorganized the Southern Railway, the Erie, the Northern Pacific, and the B & O. (controlled railroads then steel after Carnegie)

Front 8

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Back 8

had large control of railroads. controlled the New York Central, Hudson River Railroad, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, and the Canadian Southern Railway

Front 9

JD Rockefeller

Back 9

built Standard Oil Company. considered competition wasteful and consolidation was right. triumped over competitors by marketing products of high quality at the lowest unit cost. owned everything (controled oil)

Front 10

Andrew Carnegie

Back 10

created Carnegie Steel Company. Took over steel industry with vertical integration (controlled the steel)

Front 11

American Railway Association

Back 11

divided country into four times zone and adopted the modern system of standard time

Front 12

George Pullman

Back 12

invented the railway sleeping car for passengers. caused Pullman strike when business fell and he cut jobs and wages and increased hours

Front 13

Vertical Integration

Back 13

type of organization in which a single company owns and controls the entire process from the unearthing of the raw materials to the manufacture and sale of the finished product

Front 14

Horizontal Consolidation

Back 14

owning all of the companies that produce a product

Front 15

Union Pacific and Central Pacific

Back 15

together make the transcontinental railroad

Front 16

Transcontinental Railroad

Back 16

combination of the Union central and the Pacific central railways to stretch across the entire continent

Front 17

Bessemer Process

Back 17

blast of air through molten iron burned off carbon and other impurities resulting in steel

Front 18

Trusts

Back 18

stockholders exchanged their stock for trust certificates on which dividends were paid

Front 19

Knights of Labor

Back 19

welcomed people of all race and sex to try and create an ideal labor society with 8 hour days and no child labor and uplifting utopian reform

Front 20

US Steel Corporation

Back 20

first billion dollar company. it absorbed more than 200 other companies

Front 21

AFL

Back 21

a loose alliance of national craft unions. it organized skilled workers along craft lines, avoided politics, and worked for specific practical objectives

Front 22

Henry Clay Frick

Back 22

one of Carngies partners and managers. was shot and stabbed during homstead riot after cutting wages 20% and lived

Front 23

Homestead Strike

Back 23

strike after wages were cut 20%. workers were locked out of building. they surrounded it. police stopped it. a few days later Alexander Berkman went and shot and stabbed Frick

Front 24

Cyrus Field

Back 24

businessman and financier who led the Atlantic Telegraph Company, the company that successfully laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1858. The cable broke down three weeks afterward

Front 25

Alexander Graham Bell

Back 25

invented the telephone

Front 26

Chinese Exclusion Act

Back 26

made the immigration of Chinese to the US illegal for ten years

Front 27

Haymarket Riot

Back 27

protest in Haymarket Square, peaceful. 3000 people were there and the police ordered them to disperse and then someone through a bomb

Front 28

Northern Securities Company

Back 28

mergered with Rockefeller like all of the other companies.

Front 29

Haymarket Riot

Back 29

protest in Haymarket Square, peaceful. 3000 people were there and the police ordered them to disperse and then someone through a bomb

Front 30

Pullman Strike

Back 30

strike to protest wage cuts. continuing high rents, and layoffs. marched to the capitol. violence broke out and then it was controlled. it was a failure

Front 31

Northern Securities Company

Back 31

mergered with Rockefeller like all of the other companies.

Front 32

George Eastman

Back 32

patented a proces for coatring gellatin on photographic dry plates which led to celluliod film and motion pictures

Front 33

Thomas Edison

Back 33

invented phonograph, electricity, and many other small things

Front 34

Pullman Strike

Back 34

strike to protest wage cuts. continuing high rents, and layoffs. marched to the capitol. violence broke out and then it was controlled. it was a failure

Front 35

George Eastman

Back 35

patented a proces for coatring gellatin on photographic dry plates which led to celluliod film and motion pictures

Front 36

Chain Store

Back 36

stores that were located all over the natio (A&P Grocery stores, Sears, ect.)

Front 37

Thomas Edison

Back 37

invented phonograph, electricity, and many other small things

Front 38

Mail Order Catalogs

Back 38

catalog with items that can be ordered from other places

Front 39

Chain Store

Back 39

stores that were located all over the natio (A&P Grocery stores, Sears, ect.)

Front 40

Rise in Advertising

Back 40

advertising became popular to get business

Front 41

Mail Order Catalogs

Back 41

catalog with items that can be ordered from other places

Front 42

Muller v Oregon

Back 42

against long labor hours for women

Front 43

Rise in Advertising

Back 43

advertising became popular to get business

Front 44

Brandeis Brief

Back 44

movement among judges for "sociological jurisprudence" that related the law to social reform instead of only to legal precedent

Front 45

Muller v Oregon

Back 45

against long labor hours for women

Front 46

Brandeis Brief

Back 46

movement among judges for "sociological jurisprudence" that related the law to social reform instead of only to legal precedent

Front 47

Holden v Hardy

Back 47

court upheld a law limiting working hours for miners because their work was dangerous and long hours might increase injury

Front 48

Lochner v New York

Back 48

court struck down a law limiting bakery workers to a 60 hour week and a 10 hour day because baking was safer then mining

Front 49

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Back 49

after the Panic of 1873 there were 10% wages cuts and even really poor working conditions which caused strikes that shut down entire railroads and at some points the entire western half of the United States. It ended when the army and state miltia took control

Front 50

Upton Sinclair

Back 50

author

Front 51

The Jungle

Back 51

book by Sinclair that tackled meatpackers

Front 52

Jacob Riis

Back 52

journalist described "How the Other Half Lives"