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91 Cards in this Set
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A large complex Organ |
The skin |
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The skin combined with the hair ,nails ,sweat and oil glands is called |
The integumentary system the study of which is called dermatology |
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There are two principal parts of the skin they are called |
The epidermis layers of dead cells that contain keratin (A waterproofing and protective protein ) and the dermis connective tissue that contains the hair follicles, sweat gland ducts and oil gland ducts that act as passageway for micro organisms to enter the skin and penetrate deeper |
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A physical barrier of the skin known as a strong protein because of the disulfide bridges |
Keratin |
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A chemical barrier that provides water and nutrients for some microorganism but also contain salt and lysozyme high in lactic acid contributing to the low pH |
Perspiration |
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Secreted by the Sebaceous oil glands has a low pH because of a high fatty acid content |
Sebum |
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Positively charged molecules that disrupt the bacterial cell membranes (negatively charged) |
Antimicrobial peptides in epithelial cells |
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Lining of body cavities;tightly packed epithelial cells attached to a membrane. Many of these cells secrete mucus often acidic.the eyes are mechanically washed by tears containing lysozyme. Saliva -lysozyme |
Mucous membrane |
Mucous membrane |
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What is a vesicle |
Small fluid filled lesion |
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What is a bullae |
Larger vesicles;bubble |
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What is a Macules |
Flat, redden lesion |
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What is a maculopapular |
Combination of macular and papular characteristics Raised redden lesion and flat redden lesion |
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What is a papules |
Raised reddon lesion |
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What is a pustule |
Raised redden lesion Filled with pus |
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What is cystic acne |
Severe acne |
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What is the cause of acne |
The cause of acne is when channels for the passage of sebum to the skin surfaces are blocked; as sebum accumulates white heads form it breaks through the skin. also known as a black head |
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What is another cause for acne |
Another cause for acne is the Propionibacterium which produces lipases and other enzymes that digest the oils produced by the oil gland also produces a protein that stimulates inflammation and neutrophils that are attracted to the site of infection produce enzymes that damage the wall of the hair follicle —-> the appearance of postules and scarring |
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What are some treatments for acne |
Topical treatment such as BenzaClin or oral treatment. however long term antibiotic use causes the high rate of antibiotic resistance in skin bacteria or in whole body flora which pass to family members and the problem with oral contraceptives containing estrogen controversial because of the dangers of estrogen such as breast cancer blood clot which increase stroke and heart disease |
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The name of a Medication for acne that’s a derivative of vitamin A inhibits sebum formation but may have severe side effects such as depression and birth defects |
Accutane |
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Acne is Commonly linked to endocrine factors,emotional stress, pressure on skin by leaning on hands, or phone. often worse in spring and fall,cosmetics especially oil based irritate the skin but has no relationship to |
Fats in diet |
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What type of test that uses hydrogen peroxide to differentiate staphylococcus from streptococcus called? |
Catalase lab test |
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A positive coagulase test is indicative of what bacteria |
Staphylococcus aureus |
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What Is the differential agent in the coagulase test |
Rabitplasma is used in the coagulase lab test. it Clots fibrin in plasma and blood and may protect the bacteria from phagocytosis |
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What are the results of a coagulase exam we’re 90% of the normal microbiota that does not cause disease unless the skin is broken.(staphylococcus epidermidis is predominate of these) |
The coagulase test is negative |
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What are the results of a catalase test where Staphylococcus aureus is the subject |
The result in the Catalan test is positive |
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What is the result of a catalase test where the subject is streptococcus Pyogenes |
The result is negative |
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Toxins A and B production —->positive coagulase test can cause |
Blisters And desquamation aka peeling |
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Group A Beta hemolytic strep is the same as |
Streptococcus Pyogenes. |
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M protein produced by streptococcus pyogenes binds what enzyme precursor which causes the bacterium to produce streptokinase |
Plasminogen |
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What does streptokinase do |
Streptokinase changes plasminogen into plasmin |
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Normally plasmin is produced in the blood to dissolve the fibrin clot once they have fulfilled their purpose in stopping bleeding.But with streptococcus Pyogenes infection what occurs to the tissue |
The tissue is degraded around the bacterium causing the symptoms of infection |
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Streptokinase produced by streptococcus is used as a Clot disolving medication for what type of disease |
Myocardial infarction also known as a heart attack and pulmonary embolism |
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What is the name of a disease which is highly contagious bacterial infection that causes the formation of vesicles, postules and peeling of the skin caused by staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes |
Impetigo |
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Impetigo is spread by direct and indirect contact how can we prevent this disease |
Proper hygiene you can use topical Bactroban (mupirocin) |
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How can you determine which bacteria causes impetigo |
Impossible to determine if staph or strep based on symptoms,but staphylococcus see more often in older children and adults streptococcus usually seen in newborns |
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What is the name of a bacteria that is fast spreading infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus pyogenes but can because by other pathogenic bacteria or fungi. |
Cellulitis |
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What are some symptoms associated with cellulitis |
Pain ,swelling ,fever lymphangitis which is red streaks leading away from the point of injury sometimes called blood poisoning can lead to bacteremia |
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How is cellulitis treated |
Cellulitis is treated with aggressive oral or IV antibiotics |
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Name of a disease where Staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus pyogenes is invasive. unique strains that produce exoenzymes and toxins involved.A simple cut in the skin left untreated can spread rapidly into the tissue causing disfigurement and death |
Flesh eating bacteria also known as necrotizing fasciitis |
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What is the name of an infected hair follicle ?this occurs when Staphylococcus aureus can enter openings in the skin |
Folliculitis |
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Hard deep inflammation of the tissue is known as a? And caused by Staphylococcus aureus |
Carbuncle |
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A postule filled with pus is known as a boil or a? And caused by Staphylococcus aureus |
Furuncle |
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What is HA - MRSA Usually associated with hospital or healthcare facilities about 85% of all invasive MRSA is HA-MRSA |
Healthcare associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus |
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What is CA-MRSA Usually manifested as skin infection such as pimples and boils and otherwise occur in healthy people |
Community associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus Aureus |
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Factors associated with CA-MRSA transmission ( the 5 C’s) |
Crowding, contact, compromise skin such as cuts or abrasions, contaminated surfaces, lack of cleanliness this is common in schools,Dormitories ,military barracks ,households correctional facilities and daycare centers |
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How can you prevent CA-MRSA |
Good hygiene covering skin trauma such as abrasions or cuts. Avoid sharing personal items like towels are razors and using a barrier such as the clothing or a towel between your skin and shared equipment such as weight training benches also maintain a clean environment by establishing cleaning procedures |
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A type of MRSA that is more susceptible to a wider array prescription |
Ca-MRSA |
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A disease usually found in children under two,symptoms are bullae caused by Exfoliate toxins A and B that the bacteria has acquired from certain phage types through transduction lysogeny and mainly spread by asymptomatic carriers treatment with antibiotics |
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome |
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disease caused by clostridium perfringes when bacterium enters tissue through a surgical incision, compound fracture diabetic ulcer, septic abortion,puncture and gunshot wound and crushing injury contaminated by spores from the body or soil. |
Gas gangrene gas pockets are produced bullae can be differentiated from necrotizing fasciitis (coccal bacteria) you can differentiate by using Gram stain as it is a gram-positive rod |
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How can you treat Gas gangreen |
Using cephalosporin surgical removal of tissue and oxygen therapy |
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What is the name of the disease That was eradicated because an effective vaccine was developed and there are no alternate host; potential biological warfare weapon .mortality rate of 70% postules on the face and extremities causing disfigurement |
Small pox or Variola major(viral diseases) |
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When you receive the vaccine it is usually a life attenuated virus. Once you receive the virus it is able to remain in nerve cells in a latent but not lysogenic stage and can cause another disease also called herpes zoster |
Chickenpox |
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Chicken pox can cause fetal damage in the first trimester also known as |
TORCH |
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What is Rey’s syndrome |
a rare disorder that causes brain and liver damage. ... Reye's syndrome usually occurs in children who have had a recent viral infection, such as chickenpox or the flu. Taking aspirin to treat such an infection greatly increases the risk. |
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What are some symptoms of Rey’s syndrome |
Coma death vomiting |
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Similar to chickenpox localize around the waist or face upper chest and back usually limited to one side of the body can’t be serious impairing vision or causing paralysis and is very painful what is the disease |
Similar to chickenpox localize around the waist or face upper chest and back usually limited to one side of the body can’t be serious impairing vision or causing paralysis and is very painful what is the disease |
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The name of a vaccine recommended for individual that had had a previous episode of shingles or for those 60 years or older regardless |
The zoster vaccine |
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Typically caused by herpes Symplex one herpes virus type one. |
Cold sores |
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Painful inflammation of the finger or toe. Some occupational hazard dental hygienist, and waiters. Fluid of the sores is highly infectious |
Whitlows |
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In herpes simplex humans can transmit the disease mainly to persons with active lesions. Remains infectious in moist secretions on inanimate objects for a few hours. the in active virus remains inside the cranial nerve or spinal nerve trunk which virus is in the cranial nerve in which is in the spinal nerve trunk |
HSV -1 cranial nerve herpes simplex virus 1 HSV-2spinal nerve trunk herpes simplex virus 2 |
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How is HSV triggered |
Herpes simplex virus is a recurrent infection triggered by change,illness,stress,surgery sunlight,food- citrus,sodium lauryl sulfate and toothpaste and hard candy |
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What are some symptoms of the herpes simplex virus |
Virus migrate to the body surface often the same site as before # of attacks could be from 1 to 12 times a year.signs are tender itchy bumps painful painful erupt I’ve vesicles intense burning burst drain and scab over |
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Of the two herpes viruses which one infects the oral mucosa tongue cheeks and lips is complicated in adolescents with sore throat fever chills headache and swollen lymph nodes |
HSV -1 |
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How do you prevents HSV |
Wear gloves treatment with topical applications such as abreva ( docosonal) a daily oral dose such as Zovirax (acyclovir) or valtrex (valacyclovir hydrochloride) also lysine taken early suppresses development |
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Name of disease were vaccine given at 12-15 months. But period of vulnerability in infants to 1 year. Causes koplicks spots in oral mucosa (white centers) Is dangerous in the very young and the very old because deafness,Pneumonia, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) |
Measles- red measles and 7 day measles |
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Known as three day measles it is milder than measles |
Rubella or Germany measles |
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What does congenital rubella cause |
35% chance of Deafness, eye cataract heart defects, mental retardation and death major epidemic in 1964-1965 vaccine created in 1969 |
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How can you determine if an individual has rubella |
You can do a blood sample can be tested for antibodies. IgG levels will indicate prior infections. IgM levels indicate current infection |
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Name this common child hood disease presenting as very flushed cheeks slapped cheek and a lacy rash on the trunk may also have a slight fever malaise or cold. Adults may have rash and joint swelling fifth on the list of skin rashes |
Fifth disease aka erythema infectosium |
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The name of a disease that affects babies and toddlers 6-24 months. High fever until 4 Th day as it falls a rash appears |
Rosella HHV -6 |
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Name of a disease that causes lysogenic strain of streptococcus Pyogenes that produces an erythrogenic toxin; rash is in addition to a severe sore throat - strep throat |
Scarlet fever |
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Name the disease caused by more than 65 papillomavirus treatment by crYotherapy, electrodessication, burning, lasers creates virus laden aerosols. Alternative treatment aspirin at site, Tagamet, and duct tape |
Juvenile and plantar warts |
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Disease caused by pox virus that causes bumps that look like smooth waxy nodules. Common in aids patients and often on the face |
Molluscum contagiosum |
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Another name for fungal disease of the skin |
Mycosis |
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What type of mycosis is due to ringworm athletes foot/ nail fungus(dermatophytosis) |
Cutaneous mycosis |
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Trichophyton, microsporam, epidermophytan causes what disease |
Cutaneous mycosis |
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What is the virulence of cutaneous mycosis and were is it’s resovoir |
The virulence factor breaks down keratin by keratinase primary protein of epidermal tissue of vertebrates |
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What is the virulence of cutaneous mycosis and were is it’s resovoir |
The virulence factor breaks down keratin by keratinase primary protein of epidermal tissue of vertebrates reservoir are humans animals and soil |
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What are the symptoms of cutaneous mycosis |
Symptoms are athletes foot- scaly patches Ring worm- scaly reddish rings on body Nail-initially white patches in the nail thickening distortion |
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What are the treatments for cutaneous mycosis |
Treatment is long term otc topical ointments, gentle debridement of skin and uv light.home remedies for nails tea tree oil Vick’s Mobistat 1, thyme oil and for the ring worm Clorox and soft tooth brush |
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Tinea versicolor is a superficial mycosis also know as |
Pityriasis versicolor |
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What is the most common symptom of tinea versicolor |
Blanching of skin called hypopigmentation or variable pigmentation |
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Tinea versicolor is caused by a yeast Malassezia fur fur how is this antifungal treated |
Topical antifungal creams, selenium containing shampoos left on the skin overnight |
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Parasitic infestation of the skin is called scabies due |
Sarcoptes scabiei a burrowing mite |
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How is scabies treated |
Treated with kwell when under diagnosed giving phrase to 7 year itch may be zoonotic but usually animal to animal and human to human. Treatment used in animals toxic to humans |
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Conjunctivitis can be bacterial or viral is increasing because? |
soft contact lenses avoid homemade solutions |
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Name the disease that is a bacterial disease of the eye TORCH via the birth canal causes blindness |
Neonatal Gonnorrheal ophthalmia |
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What is inclusion conjunctivits |
Infection caused by chlamydia trachomatis contracted as baby passes through birth canal with symptoms appearing 5-12 days later |
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What is trachoma |
The leading cause of preventable blindness infection of epithelial cells of the eye. Major cause of blindness in Africa and asia |
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Ineffective antibiotic for trachoma is |
Silver nitrate. Antibiotics such erythromycin for newborns and tetracycline |
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Name a viral disease of the eye |
Hermetic keratitis caused by herpes simplex cause blindness |
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