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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 major functions of the peripheral circulatory system? |
-carries blood -exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues -helps regulate BP -directs blood flow to tissues |
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Blood flows from the heart through ______, ______, and _______ to capillaries. Blood returns to the heart from the capillaries through ____, ______, and _______. |
elastic arteries muscular arteries arterioles venules small veins large veins |
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What are the three layers of blood vessels? |
tunica intima tunica media tuncia adventitia |
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The tunic intima is the _____ layer of vessels. It consists of __________ (__________), basement membrane, and an ___________. |
inner endothelium simple squamous epithelium internal elastic lamina |
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The tunica media is the _____ layer of vessels. It contains circular _____ and _____________. |
middle smooth muscle elastic and collagen fibers |
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The tunica adventitia is the ______ layer of vessels. Its made up of _______. |
outer connective tissue |
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Large elastic arteries are _______ with _____ diameters. Their tunica media has many ______ and little ________. |
thick-walled large elastic fibers smooth muscle |
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Muscular (distributing) arteries are _____ with _____ diameters. Their tunica media has abundant _____ and some ______. |
thick-walled small smooth muscle elastic fibers |
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Arterioles are the ______ arteries. Their tunic media consists of one of two layers of ______ and a few _______. |
smallest smooth muscle elastic fibers |
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Capillaries consist of only ________. A ______ is a network of capillaries. __________ carry blood from arterioles to venules. Blood can pass rapidly through these channels. ______ regulate the flow of blood into capillaries. |
endothelium capillary bed thoroughfare channels precapillary sphincters |
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Venules are ________ than capillaries. Large venues and all veins have all three layers. ______ prevent back flow of blood in veins. |
larger in diameter valves |
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Definition: disease that results from the loss of elasticity in the aorta, large arteries, and coronary arteries |
arteriosclerosis |
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Definition: disease caused by the deposition of materials in arterial walls to form plagues |
atherosclerosis |
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________ arises from the right ventricle and divides to from the _____, which project to the lungs. From the lungs, four _________ return blood to the left atrium. |
pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins |
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The aorta leaves the left ventricle to form the _______, ______, and ______ (which consists of the _______ and _______). _______ branch from the aorta and supply the heart. |
ascending aorta aortic arch descending aorta thoracic aorta abdominal aorta coronary arteries |
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Which main arteries branch off the aorta to supply the upper limbs? |
brachiocephalic left common carotid left subclavian |
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The brachiocephalic artery divides to form the _______ and _________. |
right common carotid right subclavian arteries |
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The ________ arteries branch off the subclavian arteries. |
vertebral |
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The ______ and ______ supply the head. |
common carotid arteries vertebral arteries
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Vertebral arteries join within the _________ to form the _______, which supplies the ______. The common carotid arteries divide to form the _______ (which supply the face and mouth) and the ______ (which supply the brain). |
cranial cavity basilar artery brain external carotid internal carotid |
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The internal carotid and basilar arteries contribute to the ____________. |
cerebral arterial circle |
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The subclavian continues as the _________ and then as the _________. The brachial artery divides into the _____ and ____ arteries. |
axillary artery brachial artery radial ulnar |
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The radial artery supplies the _________. The ulnar artery supplies the ________. Both arches give rise to the ________. |
deep palmar arch superficial palmar arch digital arteries |
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The thoracic aorta has _______ that supply the thoracic organs and _______ that supply the thoracic wall. |
visceral branches parietal branches |
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The abdominal aorta has _______ that supply the abdominal organs and _______ that supply the abdominal wall. |
visceral branches parietal branches |
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The visceral branches of the abdominal aorta are _____ and _____. The _____ arteries include the celiac trunk, superior mesentaric, and inferior mesentaric. |
paired unpaired unpaired |
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The celiac trunk supplies the ____, ____, and _____. The superior mesenteric supplies the ________ and the upper part of the ________. The inferior mesenteric supplies the lower part of the ________. |
stomach spleen liver small intestine large intestine large intestine |
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The paired abdominal arteries of the aorta supply the ____, ____, and ____. |
kidneys adrenal glands gonads |
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The ____________ arise from the abdominal aorta, and from them branch the _____________. |
common iliac arteries internal and external arteries |
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The ______ of the internal iliac arteries supply the pelvic organs. The _______ supply the pelvic wall and floor and the external genitalia. |
visceral branches parietal branches |
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The external iliac artery continues as the _______ and then as the ________. This then divides into the ______ and ______. |
femoral artery popliteal artery anterior tibial artery posterior tibial artery |
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The posterior tibial artery gives rise to the _______ and _______. The plantar arteries forms the ______, from which _______ arise. |
fibular (peroneal) arteries plantar arteries plantar arch digital arteries |
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What are the three major veins returning the the heart and what do they drain? |
superior vena cava - head, thorax, upper limbs inferior vena cava - abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs coronary sinus - heart |
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What are the three types of veins? |
superficial veins deep veins sinuses |
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The internal jugular veins drain the _________ and the veins of the anterior _____, ____, and _____. The ________ and the ________ drain the posterior head and neck. |
dural venous sinuses head face neck external jugular veins vertebral veins |
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The deep veins of the upper limbs are the small _____ and ______ of the forearm, which join the ______ of the arm. Then these veins drain into the _______. |
ulnar vein radial vein brachial veins axillary veins |
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The superficial veins of the upper limbs are the _____, ______, and ______. |
basilic cephalic median cubital |
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The basilic vein becomes the ________, which then becomes the _______. The cephalic vein drains into the _______. The medial cubital connects the _______ and _______ at the ______. |
axillary vein subclavian vein axillary vein basilic vein cephalic vein elbow |
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The ______, _______ and _______ return blood to the superior vena cava. |
left brachiocephalic vein right brachiocephalic vein azygos veins |
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Ascending lumbar veins from the abdomen join the ____ and ______ veins. Veins from the kidneys, adrenal glands, and gonads directly enter the __________. Veins from the stomach, intestines, spleen, and pancreas connect with the ___________, which transports blood to the ______ for processing. ________ then join the _________. |
azygos hemiazygos inferior vena cava hepatic portal vein liver hepatic veins inferior vena cava |
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The deep veins of the lower limb are the _______, ______, _______, ______, ______, and _______ veins. The superficial veins are the _____ and _____ veins. |
fibular (peroneal) anterior tibial posterior tibial politeal femoral external iliac small saphenous great saphenous
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Definition: a measure of force exerted by blood against the blood vessel wall; reason why blood moves |
blood pressure |
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BP can be measured by listening for _________ produced by _________ in arteries as pressure is released from a BP cuff. |
Korotkoff sounds turbulent flow |
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The amount of blood that moves through a vessel is _______ proportional to blood pressure and _______ proportional to resistance. |
directly indirectly |
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Definition: the sum of all of the factors that inhibit blood flow; increases when blood vessels become smaller and viscosity increases |
resistance |
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Definition: the resistance of a liquid to flow; mostly results from red blood cells |
viscosity |
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Viscosity usually increases when the _______ increases or when the _______ decreases. |
hematocrit plasma volume |
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Definition: a state of partial contraction of blood vessels |
vasomotor tone |
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What two things increase vasomotor tone and peripheral resistance? What decreases it? |
increase: vasoconstriction decrease: vasodilation |
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Blood pressure averages _______ in the aorta and drops to ______ in the right atrium. The greatest drop occurs in the ________ and _______. |
100 mm Hg 0 mm Hg arterioles capillaries |
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_________ is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures. It increases when _____ increases or _________ decreases. |
pulse pressure stroke volume vascular compliance |
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Definition: a measure of the change in volume of blood vessels produces by change in pressure |
vascular compliance |
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_________ travel through the vascular system faster than the blood flows. They can be used to take the ______. |
pulse pressure waves pulse |
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In a standing person, ___________ is cause by gravity. It ______ pressure below the heart and ______ pressure above the heart. |
hydrostatic pressure increases decreases |
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What are the primary means of capillary exchange? |
diffusion (including osmosis) filtration |
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Definition: moves materials out of capillaries |
filtration |
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Definition: moves materials into capillaries |
osmosis |
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A net movement of fluid occurs from the blood into the tissues. The fluid gained (10%) by the tissues is removed by the _________. |
lymphatic system |
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Local control of blood flow occurs in two ways: The response of vascular smooth tissue to _____, ____, and ______; and if the _________ of the tissue increases, then the _____ and _____ of capillaries in the tissue increase over time. |
gases nutrients waste products metabolic activity diameter number |
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The sympathetic nervous system (_________ in the ______) controls blood vessel _____. Other brain areas can excite or inhibit this center. |
vasomotor center medulla diameter |
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Epi and NE cause _________ in most tissues. Epi causes _______ is skeletal and cardiac muscle. |
vasoconstriction vasodilation |
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The _______ control the delivery of blood to tissues. The ______ are a reservoir for blood. Venous return to the heart increases because of the ________ of veins, an ______ blood volume, and the _________ (with _____). |
muscular arteries/arterioles veins vasoconstriction increased skeletal muscle pump valves |
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Short-term regulation of BP includes the _______, which are sensitive to _____. |
baroreceptors stretch |
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The baroreceptor reflex changes ________, ____, and _____ in response to changes in blood pressure. |
peripheral resistance heart rate stroke volume |
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The carotid sinus baroreceptor signals through the ______ and the aortic arch baroreceptors signal through the _______. |
glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve |
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What are other methods of short-term regulation of BP? |
- Epi and NE -peripheral chemoreceptor reflexes -central chemoreceptors |
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the _______ as a result of _______ stimulation. The increase _____, ____, and _____. |
adrenal medulla sympathetic HR SV vasoconstriction |
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Peripheral chemoreceptor reflexes respond to decreased _____, leading to increased ________. |
oxygen vasoconstriction |
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Central chemoreceptors respond to high _______ or low _____ in the medulla, leading to increased ________, ___, and ________ (_______ response) |
carbon dioxide pH vasoconstriction HR force of contraction CNS ischemic |
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What two mechanisms regulate BP long-term? |
-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism -vasopressin (ADH) mechanism |
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How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism work? |
-renin is released by kidneys in response to low BP -angiotensin II is produced -angiotensin II increases vasoconstriction and increases aldosterone secretion -aldosterone helps maintain blood volume by decreasing urine production |
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How does the vasopressin mechanism work? |
-a substantial decrease in BP triggers ADH to release from the posterior pituitary -ADH causes vasoconstriction and decreases urine production |
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What two mechanisms regulate MAP long-term? |
-atrial natriuretic mechanism -fluid shift mechanism |
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The atrial natriuretic mechanism causes __________ release from the cardiac muscle cells when atrial BP _____. It stimulates an increase in ______, causing a decrease in _____ and BP. |
atrial natriuretic hormone increases urinary production blood volume |
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The fluid shift mechanism causes fluid shift, which is a movement of fluid from the _________ into _______ in response to a _______ in BP to maintain blood volume. |
interstitial spaces capillaries decrease |
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During exercise, local control mechanisms increase blood flow through _________, which lowers ______. ___ increases because of increased venous return, ____, and ____. Vasoconstriction in the ____, _____, _____, and _____ (non-exercising and exercising) increases peripheral resistance, which prevents a ______. |
exercising muscles peripheral resistance CO SV HR skin kidneys GI tract skeletal muscle drop in BP |
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During circulatory shock, _______ and the _______ increase BP. The _________ and ________ increase vasoconstriction and blood volume. The _____ increases blood volume. In severe shock, the _________ increase vasoconstriction, HR, and force of contraction. However, despite negative-feedback mechanisms, a _______ of decreasing BP can cause death. |
baroreceptor reflexes adrenal medullary response renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism fluid shift mechanism chemoreceptor reflexes positive-feedback cycle |
