Chapter 18 Abnormal Conditions

Front 1

hyperthyroidism

Back 1

Overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. Most common condition is Grave disease (resulting from autommune processes). In addition, exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs or proptosis) occurs as a result of sweling of tissue behind the eyeball, pushing it forward.

Front 2

hypothyroidism

Back 2

Underactivity of the thyroid gland. Symptoms include fatigue, muscular and ental sluggishness, weight gain, fluid retention, slow heart rate, low body temperature, and constipation. Two examples of hypothyroidism are: Myxedema (advanced condition in adulthood); and cretinism (during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth).

Front 3

thyroid carcinoma

Back 3

Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland

Front 4

hyperparathyroidism

Back 4

Excessive production of parathormone. Hypercalcemia occurs as calcium leaves the bone and enters the bloodstream, where it can produce damage to the kidneys and heart.

Front 5

hypoparathyroidism

Back 5

Deficient production of parathyroid hormone. Hypocalcemia results as calcium remains in bones and is unable to enter the bloodstream. This leads to muscle and nerve weakness with spasms of muscles, a condition called tetany.

Front 6

adrenal virilism

Back 6

Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens. Adrenal hyperplasia or more commonly adrenal adenomas or carcinomas can cause virilization in adult women. Signs and symptoms include amenorrhea, hirsutism (excessive hair on the face and body), acne, and deepending of the voice.

Front 7

Cushing syndrome

Back 7

Group of symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex; obesity, hyperglycemia, excess fat deposition in the body. High levels of exogenous cortisol (cortisone administration) can produce similar results.

Front 8

Addison disease

Back 8

Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex; decreased secretion of aldosterone and cortisol.

Front 9

Pheochromocytoma

Back 9

Benign tumor of cells of the adrenal medulla; cells stain a dark (phe/o) or dusky color (chrom/o).

Front 10

Hyperinsulinism

Back 10

Increased secretion of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas causing hypoglycemia.

Front 11

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Back 11

Lack of insulin secretion (Type 1) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (Type 2) leading to a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in cells.

Front 12

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

Back 12

Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin); signs are polyuria and polydipsia.

Front 13

acromegaly

Back 13

Englargement of the extremities (acr/o means extremities) caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty.

Front 14

gigantism

Back 14

Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues.

Front 15

Dwarfism

Back 15

Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.

Front 16

Panhypopituitarism

Back 16

Deficiency of all pituitary gland hormones.

Front 17

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Back 17

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) leading to water retention.

Front 18

Exophthalmos

Back 18

Protrusion of the eyeball (proptosis); symptom of hyperthyroidism.

Front 19

Gastroparesis

Back 19

Loss of motility of the stomach muscles, occurring as a long-term secondary complication of diabetes mellitus.

Front 20

Endemic goiter

Back 20

Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet.

Front 21

Goiter

Back 21

Enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Front 22

Graves disease

Back 22

Hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. This is the most common type of hyperthyroidism.

Front 23

Hirsutism

Back 23

Excessive hair growth.

Front 24

Ketoacidosis

Back 24

High levels of acids (ketones) in the blood; occurring in diabetes mellitus (type 2) when cells burn high levels of fats (producing ketones) because sugar is not available as fuel.

Front 25

Myxedema

Back 25

Hypofunctioning of the thyroid gland in adults.

Front 26

Nodular goiter

Back 26

Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to growth of nodules (adenomas) on the thyroid gland.

Front 27

Tetany

Back 27

Constant muscle contractions; associated with hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism.

Front 28

Thyrotoxicosis

Back 28

Hyperthyroidism (overactivity of the thyroid gland).