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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain why steel industy grew in the 1870's and 1880's
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• steel was a new superior material
• Bessemer process dramatically lowered the cost of production • huge coil and iron deposits • lots of indigence and innovagence( small things regards to the use of products) |
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Evaluate why Andrew Carnegie triumphed in the steel industry to 1901.
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• vertical integrating -steel business (he owned and controlled everything)
• kept wages low and dealt firmly with labor • hired very highly able subordinates (skilled workers) • cost conscious • employed the latest technology |
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Describe why John D. Rockefeller triumphed in the oil industry
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• bought up a lot of small refining business (consolidated)
• focused heavily on efficiency; cost smart • marketed good products at low cost for higher profit • extorted rebates in railroads; bribed politicians • employed horizontal integration and trusts |
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List the two most important innovations of the late 19th century
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• Telephone
• electricity for light and power |
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Describe changes that took place in the selling or merchandizing of products in the late nineteenth century.
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• huge growth of advertising
• use of brand names • chain stores |
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Discuss the working conditions of the late nineteenth-century wage earner.
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Life was not easy
• long ,hard, grueling routine 10 hrs/ 6 days week • safety standards were low/high accident rate • chronic illness from pollution • new work patterns (worrying about clocking in and strict rules • low pay |
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Working conditions 19th century women
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• Very low wage/ often worked in textile industries
• Considerable gender/ethnic/racial discrimination • Feminization • Unequal pay |
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Describe the social and economic mobility of industrial workers during the late nineteenth century.
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• workers left their jobs (often finding better opportunities)
• rised to betters jobs ( about 25% moved to middle class) • wedded labors to the system • decreased response of appeals from workers |
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Describe the development of the nineteenth-century labor movement
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• Early union movements focused on Long range humanitarian issues.
• founding of the American Federation of Labor-which focused heavily on bread and butter issues/ (economic situation of workers) • fair share and welfare * only skilled workers could be a part of this union* |
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Significance of Haymarket Square Riot
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-began as a peaceful riot
-ruined by a bomb throwing anarchist and police responding with violence against all - weakened the labor unions, because of violence related to strikes |
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The factors that caused rapid industrial growth in the 19th century
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Abundant natural resourcesAbundant labor
Large free trade market Lots of technology progress (inventions) Firm agricultural base System of Govt that provided stability and commitment to private property |
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List the elements in the transportation and communications revolutions
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•Railroad
•Telegraph •Telephone •Steamship |
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Explain the advantages of the railroads in promoting economic growth
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•More direct routes, greater speed, greater safety and comfort, more dependable schedules, more traffic, year-round service
•Created new cities •Made a national market possible = mass production and mass consumption •Later business development, railroad was a new kind of business |
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Describe the sources of funds for post-Civil War railroads and the railroads' political and economic impact on society
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•Created new jobs
• less expensive transportation, lower-priced goods larger markets •government loans fed govt loans and donations of lands •provided logistical support for the armies (Union troops) •Military Railroads •linked East to West • North n South had different points of views on slavery that lead to the civil war |
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Describe the new development that aided long distance rail transportation
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Consolidation of companies Development of trunk (long) lines
Adoption of industry wide standards Time zones Numerous inventions Refrigerator cars |
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Explain how the first transcontinental railroad was constructed and financed
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Financing-private funds
-federal land grants Federal loans Construction - two companies (east and west) East labor: civil war vets and Irish immigrants West labor: Chinese immigrants |
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Describe the problems railroad companies faced because of growth in the 1870's and 1880s and describe the attempted solutions to those problems
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Problems: moving assets, competition with other companies and bankruptcy Solutions: pool arrangements, set prices and then banks took over railroads
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