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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of ciculatory system:
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transport, protection, regulation
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Blood consistency and connective tissue:
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liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix containing plasma and formed elements
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plasma:
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matrix of blood
clear light yellow fluid |
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formed elements:
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blood cells and fragments.
red, white cells, and platelets |
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells
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platelets
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cell fragments from special cell in bone marrow
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leukocytes
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white blood cells.
Five different types within two categories |
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granulocytes
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division of WBC's, include granules.
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lekocyte types in granulocyte division:
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neutrophils
eosinophills basophills |
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agranulocytes
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division of leukocytes without granules.
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leukocyte types in agranulocytes division:
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lymphocytes
monocytes |
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hematocrit:
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centrifuge blood to seperate components
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erythrocytes volume:
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37-52% volume
heaviest and settle first |
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white blood cells & platelets volume:
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buffy coat
-1% total volume |
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plasma volume:
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-remainder of volume
-47-63% -mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolyes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones and gasses |
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plasma:
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liquid portion of blood
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plasma-serum
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remaining fluid once blood clots and other solids are removed, absence of fibrinogen
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3 major catagories of plasma proteins:
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-albumins
-globulins (antibodies) -fibringen |
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albumins:
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smallest and most abundant
-contributes to viscoity and osmolarity, influnces b/p, flow, and fluid balance |
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globulins (antibodies)
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-provide immune system functions
-alpha, betta, and gamma globulins |
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fibrinogen
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help form blood clots
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where are plasma proteins formed? except for globulins.
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liver
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Globulins are formed by?
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plasma cells
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non-protein components of plasma:
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-nitrogenous compounds
-nutrients -dissolved O2, CO2, and nitrogen -electrolytes |
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free amino acids:
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from dietary protein or tissue breakdown
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nitrogenous wastes (urea)
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-toxic products of catabolism
-removed by kidneys |
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properties of blood:
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-viscocity
-osmolarity |
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viscosity:
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resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles
-whole blood: 4.5-5.5 times as viscous as water -plasma 2.0 times as viscous as water |
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osmolarity:
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total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall.
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if blood osmolarity is too high
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blood absorbs to much water, increasing b/p
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if blood osmolarity is too low
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too much water stays in tissue, b/p drops, edema occurs
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optimum osmolarity of blood:
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achieved by bodies regulation of sodium ions, proteins, and rbc
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Na makes up __% of plasma cations?
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90
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hypoproteinemia:
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deficiency of plasma proteins
-extreme starvation -liver or kidney disease |
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kwashiorkor:
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-children with severe protei deficiency
-thin arms and legs -swollen abdomen |
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hemopoieses:
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the production of blood, especially its elements
-400 billion platelets formed -200 billion RBC -10 billion WBC .......................a day |
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hemopoietic tissues:
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produces blood cells
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yolk sac
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produces stem cells for first blood cells.
-colonize fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus |
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red bone marrow:
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produces all seven formed elements
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Pluripotent stem cells (PPSC)
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formerly called hemocytoblasts or hemopoietic stem cells
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Erythrocytes (RBC's)
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-disc shaped
-7.5 in diameter, 2.0 thick -loose nearly all organelles during development -lack mitochondria -lack nucleus and DNA (no protein synthesis or mitosis) |
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blood type is determined by...
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surface glycoprotein and glycolipids
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spectrin and actin give...
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membrane durability and resilience.
-stretch and ned as squeeze through small capillaries |
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Functions of Erythrocytes:
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-carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues
-pick up carbon dioxide from tissues and bring back to lungs |
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% of hemoglobin present in the cytoplasm of RBC's
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33%
280 molecules on one RBC |
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carbonic anhydrase (CAH)
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-in cytoplasm
-produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water -important role in gas transport and pH |
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Hemoglobin (Hb) consists of:
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four protein chains (globins)
four heme groups |
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heme groups
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nonprotein moiety that binds O2 to ferrous ion at its center
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globins
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four protein chains,
two alpha two beta |
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___count and ___concentration indicate amount of O2 blood can carry
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RBC, Hb
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hematocrit(packed cell volume)
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percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBC's
-men 42-52% cells -women 37-48% cells |
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hemoglobin concentration:
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-men 13-18g/dL
-women 12-16g/dL |
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RBC count:
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men:4.6-6.2million/L
women:4.2-5.4million/L |
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androgens:
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stimulate RBC production
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hematocrit is invresely proportional to percentage of...
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body fat
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How many RBC produced per second?
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2.5 million
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Lifespan of RBC
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120 days
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Development of RBC takes how many days?
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3-5 days
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Nutritional needs for Eryhthropoisis:
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-iron
-B12 & folic acid -Vitamin C and copper |
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Iron:
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-lost daily through urine feces and bleeding
-men:.9mg/ women:1.7mg -low absorption rate of iron requires consumption of 5-20mg a day |
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Dietary Iron:
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-Ferric and ferrous
-gastroferritin -absorbed into blood binds to transferrind for transport to bone marrow, liver, and other tissues |
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gastroferritin
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binds to Fe and transports it to small instestine
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Vitamin B12 & folic acid:
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rapid cell divisino and DNA synthesis that occurs in erythropoiesis
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Vitamin C and copper:
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cofactors for enzymes synthesizing hemoglobin
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negative feedback control:
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-drop in RBC count causes kidney hypozemia
-kidney production of erthyopoetin stimulates bone marrow -RBC count increases in 3-4 days |
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stimuli for increasing erythropoises:
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-low levels of O2
-increase in excercise -loss of lung tissue in emphysema |
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Erythrocytes Death:
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-iron removed from heme
-concentration in gall bladder; released into small intestine, bacteria create urobilinogen (brown feces) |
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Primary polycythemia:
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-cancer of erthropoietic cell line in red bone barrow
-RBC as high as 11 million |
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Secondary polycythemia:
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-from dehydration, emphsema, high altitude, or physical conditioning.
-RBC up to 8 million |
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Dangers of polycythemia:
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increased blood volume, pressure, viscosity
-can lead to embolism, stroke, heart failure |
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Causes of Anemia:
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-inadequate erythropoises or hemoglobin synthesis
-hemorrhagic anemias (from bleeding) -hemolytic anermias (RBC destruction) |
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Anemia has three potential consequences:
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-tissue hypoxia and necrosis
-blod osmolarity is reduced, producing edema -blood viscosity is low (b/p drops, hr increases) |
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Agglutination:
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antibody molecule binding to antigens causes clumping of red blood cells
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Agglutinogens:
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antigens on the surface of the RBC that is the basis for blood typing
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RBC Antigens are determined by...
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the carbohydrate moieties found on RBC surface
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Agglutinins
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antibodies found in plasma
-anti A -anti B |
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Your blood type is determined by the presence of ________ on RBC's
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agglutinogens
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albumins
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smallest most abundent plasma protein
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albumins contributes to
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blood osmolarity and viscosity
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change in albumin causes
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blood pressure, volume, and flow
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globulins
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divided into three subclasses, alpha, betta, & gamma
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globulins contribute by
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solute transport, clotting, and immunity
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globulins are produced by...
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plasma
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fibrigen
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soluble precursor of fibrin
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fribrigen is a _____ protein
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sticky
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fibrogen builds
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framework of a bloodclot
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