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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
capsid
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the protein shell that encloses a viral genome, maybe rod shaped, polyhedral or more complete in shape
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viral envelope
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a membrane that cloacks the capsid that in turn encloses a virual genome
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bacteriophages
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a virus that infects bacteria; also calleda phage
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host range
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the limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect and parasitize
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lytic cycle
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a type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by death or lysis of the host cell
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virulent phage
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a virus that reproduces only by a lytic cycle
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virulent phage
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a virus that reproduces only by a lytic cycle
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lysogenic cycle
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a phage replication cycle where the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host
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temperate phages
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phagse that are capable of using either the lytic or lysogenic cycle
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prophage
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a phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome
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retroviruses
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an RNA virus that reproduces by transcriping its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer causing viruses
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reverse transcriptase
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an enzyme encoded by some RNA viruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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the infectious agent that causes AIDS; an RNA retrovirus
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Acquired immunodefiiency syndrome (AIDS)
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the name of the late states of HIV infections; defined by a specified reduction of T cells and the appearance of charateristic secondary infections
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vaccines
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a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen
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vaccines
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a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune styem to mount defenses against the pathogen
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viroids
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plant pathogens composed of molecules of naked circular RNA only several hundred nucleotides long
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prions
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an infectious form of protein that may increase in number by converting related proteins to more prions
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nucleoid
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a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell
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transformation
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a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell
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transduction
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a DNA transfer process used by phages to carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another
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generalized transduction
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the random transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another
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specialized transduction
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the transfer of only those genes near the prophage site on the bacterial chromosome
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conjugation
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in bacteria the direct transfer of DNA between 2 cells that are temp joined
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F factor
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fertility factor in bacteria; a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient- may exist as a plasmid or integrated into the bacterial chromosome
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plasmid
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a small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; also foud in some eukaroytes such as yeast
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episome
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a genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or as part o fthe bacterial chromosome
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F plasmid
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the plasmid form of the F factor
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R plasmid
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a bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistence to certain antibotics
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R plasmid
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a bacterial plasmid carrying gnees that confer resistence to certain antibotics
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transposon
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a transopable genetic element; a mobile segment of DNA that serves as an agent of genetic change
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insertion sequence
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a mutation involving the addition of 1 or more nucleotide pairs to a gene
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operator
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in prokaroytic DNA a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach
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operon
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a unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions
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repressor
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a protein that suppresses the transcription of a gene
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regulatory gene
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a gene that cods for a protein such as a repressor that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes
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corepressor
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a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon on
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inducer
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a specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon
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cycli AMP (cAMP)
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cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracullular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example in vertebrate endocrine cells) alos regulator of some bacterial operons
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