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42 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Island communities
isolated, self-cufficient communities.
Credit Mobilier
a company that Union Pacific owners set up to win lavish construction contracts.
trunk lines
Four major railroad networks that emerged after the Civil War to connect the eastern seaports to the Great Lakes and western rivers. They reflected the growing integration of transportation across the country that helped spur large-scale industrialization
railroad gauge
the distance between the inner sides of the heads of the two parallel rails that make up a single railway line.
J. Edgar Thomson
built the 4th trunk line, the Pennsylvania Railroad with Thomas Scott.
Thomas Scott
built the 4th trunk line, the Pennsylvania Railroad with j. Edgar Tomson.
JP Morgan
the most powerful figure in American finance. He liked efficiency, combination, and order.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
multimillionaire, at 70, he entered railroading.
JD Rockefeller
built the Standard Oil company.
Andrew Carnegie
He emerged as the undisputed master of the industry. Went into the steel industry.
American Railway Association
(est time zones in America)
Divided the country into four time zones and adopated the modern system of standard time.
George Pullman
Invented the passenger car. it was the first sleeping car suittable for long-distance travel.
Vertical Integration
a from of business organization in which a single company owns and controls the entire process of production, from the raw materials to the manufacture and sale of the finished product.
Horizontal Consolidation (Integration)
Production of different varieties of the same product, or different products at the same level of processing, within a single firm.
Union Pacific and Central Pacific
The Union Pacific Railroad is the largest and oldest operating railroad network in the United States.
Transcontinental Railroad
network of trackage that crosses a continental land mass from "coast-to-coast" between terminals that are at (or directly connected to) different oceans or recognized continental borders.
Bessemer Process
an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities; the first successful method of making steel in quantity at low cost
"Trusts"
a business-management device designed to centralize and make more efficient the management of diverse and far-flung business operations. it allowed stockholders to exchange their stock certificates for trust certificates, on which dividends were paid.
Knights of Labor
Founded in 1869, this labor organization pursued broad-gauged reforms as much as practical issues such as wages and hours.
US Steel Corporation
first billion dollar company. controlled 3/5 of the country's steel buisness.
AFL
Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886, the AFL was a loose alliance of national craft unions that organized skilled workers by craft and for specific practical objectives such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. avioded politics and forbid blacks and women.
Henry Clay Frick
United States industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry (1849-1919)
Homestead Strike
wage-cutting at Carnegie's homestead Steel Plant provoked a violent strike in which three company-hired detectives and ten workers died.
Cyrus Field
an American businessman and financier who led the Atlantic Telegraph Company, the company that successfully laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1858. The cable broke down three weeks afterward.
Alexander Graham Bell
an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone.
Chinese Exclusion Act
excluded Chinese immigrant workers for 10 years and denied US citizenship to nationals living in the US.
Haymarket Riot
a protest turned into a violent riot after a bomb explosion killed 7 police men.
Northern Securities Company
an important United States railroad trust formed in 1902
Pullman Strike
one of the largest strikes in history. Workers struck to protest wage cuts, high rents for company housing, and layoffs. extending into27 states and territories it paralyzed the western half of the nation.
George Eastman
United States inventor of a dry-plate process of developing photographic film and of flexible film (his firm introduced roll film) and of the box camera and of a process for color photography (1854-1932)
Thomas Edison
United States inventor; inventions included the phonograph and incandescent electric light and the microphone and the Kinetoscope (1847-1931)
Chain Store
the main stores began to spread out across the country.
Mail order catalogs
a mean of selling that depended on effictive tranportation and a high level of customer literacy.
Rise in Advertising
rose becaus of brand names, chain stores, and mail-in orders.
Muller v Oregon
a case involving women workers.
Brandeis Brief
filed by attorney Louis Brandeis, this brief only presented 2 pages of legal precedents, but contained 115 pages of sociological evidence on the negative effects of long workdays on women's health and on women as mothers.
Holden v Hardy
a law limiting working hours for miners because their work was dangerous and long hours might increase injuries.
Lochner v New York
struck down a law limiting bakery workers to a sixty-hour work week and ten- hour day.
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States and ended some 45 days later after it was put down by local and state militias.
Upton Sinclair
United States writer whose novels argued for social reform (1878-1968)
"the Jungle"
Sinclair's book in which he tackled the meatpackers.
Jacob Riis
muckraking journalist and social documentary photographer