Chapter 17 Vocabulary From Gene To Protein

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GENE EXPRESSION

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PROCESS BY WHICH DNA DIRECTS THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS

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TRANSCRIPTION

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THE SYNTHESIS OF RNA UNDER THE DIRECTION OF DNA

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mRNA

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CARRIES GENETIC MESSAGES FROM THE DNA TO THE PROTEIN SYNTHESIZING MACHINERY OF THE CELL

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TRANSLATION

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SYNTHESIS OF A POLYPEPTIDE, WHICH OCCURS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF mRNA

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TRIPLET CODE

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FLOW OF INFORMATION FROM GENE TO PROTEIN

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TEMPLATE STRAND

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ONE OUT OF THE TWO DNA STRANDS THAT IS TRANSCRIBED

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CODONS

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mRNA BASE TRIPLETS WRITTEN IN THE DOWNSTREAM 5-3 DIRECTION

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RNA POLYMERASE

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ENZYME THAT PRIES THE 2 STRANDS OF DNA APART AND JOINS THE RNA NUCLEOTIDES AS THEY BASE PAIR ALONG THE DNA TEMPLATE

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PROMOTER

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THE DNA SEQUENCE WHERE RNA POLYMERASE ATTACHES AN INITIATES TRANSCRIPTION

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TERMINATOR

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THE SEQUENCE THAT SIGNALS THE END OF TRANSCRIPTION

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TRANSCRIPTION UNIT

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STRETCH OF DNA THAT IS TRANSCRIBED INTO AND RNA MOLECULE

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TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

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COLLECTION OF PROTEINS THAT MEDIATE THE BINDING OF RNA POLYMERASE AND THE INITIATION OF TRANSCRIPTION

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TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION COMPLEX

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THE WHOLE COMPLEX OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AND RNA POLYMERASE II BOUND TO THE PROMOTER

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TATA BOX

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CRUCIAL PROMOTER DNA SEQUENCE FORMS THE INITIATION COMPLEX AT A EUKARYOTIC PROMOTER

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RNA SPLICING

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STAGE OF RNA PROCESSING IN THE EUKARYOTIC NUCLEUS IN THE REMOVAL OF LARGE PORTIONS OF THE RNA MOLECULES THAT IS INITIALLY SYNTHESIZED- A CUT AND PASTE JOB

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INTRONS

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NONCODING SEGMENTS OF NUCLEIC ACID THAT LIE BETWEEN CODING REGIONS

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EXONS

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OTHER REGIONS THAT ARE EVENTUALLY EXPRESSED, USUALLY BY BEING TRANSLATED INTO AMINO ACID SEQUENCE

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SLICEOSOME

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COMBINATION OF snRNPS WITH ADDITIONAL PROTEINS THAT INTERACT WITH CERTAIN CITES ALONG AN INTRON, RELEASING THE INTRON AND JOINING TOGETHER THE 2 EXONS THAT FLANKED THE INTRON

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tRNA

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TRANSFERS AMINO ACIDS FROM THE CYTOPLASMIC POOL OF AMINO ACIDS TO A RIBOSOME (INTERPRETER)

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ANTICODON

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A NUCLEOTIDE TRIPLET AT ONE END OF A tRNA MOLECULE THAT RECOGNIZES A PARTICULAR COMPLEMENTARY CODON ON AN mRNA MOLECULE

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AMINIOACYL-tRNA SYNTHETASES

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PERFORMS THE CORRECT MATCHING OF OF tRNA AND AMINO ACIDS

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WOBBLE

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FLEXIBILITY IN THE BASE PAIRING RULES IN WHICH THE NUCLEOTIDE AT THE 5' END OF A tRNA ANTICODON CAN FORM HYDROGEN BONDS WITH MORE THEN ONE KIND OF BASE IN THE THIRD POSITIONS (3' END) OF A CODON

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RIBOSOMAL RNA

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THE MOST ABUNDANT TYPE OF RNA, WHICH TOGETHER WITH PROTEINS MAKE UP RIBOSOMES

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P SITE

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HOLDS tRNA CARRYING THE GROWING POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN (PEPTIDE SITE)

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A SITE

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HOLDS THE tRNA CARRYING THE NEXT AMINO ACID TO BE ADDED THE TO THE CHAIN (AMINO ACID SITE)

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E SITE

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WHERE DISCHARGED tRNAS LEAVE THE RIBOSOME (EXIT SITE)

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POLYRIBOSOMES

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STRING OF RIBOSOMES

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MUTATIONS

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THE EFFECT OR CHANGES TO THE GENETIC INFORMATION OF A CELL

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POINT MUTATIONS

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CHEMICAL CHANGES IN A SINGLE BASE PAIR OF A GENE

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MISSENSE MUTATION

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SUBSTITUTIONS THAT CHANGE ONE AMINO ACID TO ANOTHER ONE

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NONSENSE MUTATION

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CHANGES A CODON FOR AN AMINO ACID INTO A STOP CODON AND CAUSES TRANSLATION TO BE TERMINATED PREMATURELY

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INSERTIONS AND DELETIONS

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ADDITIONS OR LOSSES OF NUCLEOTIDES

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FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

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THE NUMBER OF NUCLEOTIDES INSERTED OR DELETED IS NOT A MULTIPLE OF THREE