Chapter 17 Vocab

Front 1

Great Plains

Back 1

Treeless, nearly flat, an endless "sea of grassy hillocks" extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
(Prarie plains- easter part, are enriched in soild and good rainfall)
(High plans- rough, semiared, rising gently to the foothills of the rockies, western)

Front 2

"Indian Country"

Back 2

-The place that eastern tribes were moved with firm treaty guarantees
-After the 1850's, the gov. wanted to forget about this and assign specific areas for different tribes (due to gold minning)
-"One big reservation"
-Indian Intercourse Act prohibited any white person from entering Indian Country without a license

Front 3

Chivington Massacre"

Back 3

-1864, Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, tired of fighting asked for peace. Chief Black Kettle lead his 700 followers to camp on Sand Creek.
-Early morning Novermber 29,1864, Colorado militia (John M. Chivington) attacked the sleeping group.
-Black kettler raised an American flag, and white to surrender, the the miltia clubbed, stabbed, and scalped all men, women and children
-Set off angry protests in Colorado and the East.
-Congress appointed an investigation comittee/ the gov. concluded a treaty with the 2 tribes
- The 2 tribes still had to give up Sand Creek

Front 4

Red Cloud

Back 4

-The Sioux Cheif
-Determined to stop the Bozeman trail that would go straight through their hunting grounds.
-Appart of the Fetterman Massacre (lured the men into the woods and ambushed them)

Front 5

Fetterman Massacre

Back 5

-Sparked by the invasion of gold miners
-Got even more intense when the government wanted to add the Bozeman Trial for the minnes through the Sioux hunnting lands
-December 1866, Fetterman and his men were lead into the wilderness, ambushed, and wiped out (all 82 soilders)

Front 6

Buffalo Soldiers

Back 6

-African American Calvary men of the western frontier
-Were apart of the 9th and 10th calvary
-Many whites refused to be apart of this calvary because of the black inclusion

Front 7

Red River War

Back 7

-Late 1869, warfare broke out again, and it took more than a decade of violence to "beat" the Indians into submission
-The U.S army (including the buffalo soldiers) crushed the Kiowa and Comanche in the war
- Northern Plains, fighting broke out due to the gold rush of 1875

Front 8

Sitting Bull

Back 8

-One of the Sioux leaders
-Gatherd with Rain-in-the-face, and Crazy Horse to fight due to the Black Hills gold rush
-Faced Colonel George Armstrong Custer

Front 9

Crazy Horse

Back 9

-One of the three main Sioux leaders who banned together with Rain-in-the-face and Sitting Bull

Front 10

Court of Indian Offenses

Back 10

-A goup of men collected by congress who tried Native Americans who broke government rules

Front 11

George Armstrong Custer

Back 11

-U.S Colonel of the Red River war
-Pushed ahead to claim as many victories as he could
-June 25,1876 thinking he had a small band of Native Americans surrounded in their village on the banks of the Little Bighorn River, Custer divided his column and took 265 men toward it
-Instead he came across the main Sioux camp with 2500 warriors. Largest Indian army ever assembled
-Custer and his men all dead

Front 12

Nez Perce Tribe

Back 12

-People who had warmly welcomed Lewis and Clark
-Rebelled against gov. policy in 1805
-Tried to go to Canada (How they rebelled)

Front 13

Cheif Joseph

Back 13

-Led the Nez Perce Tribe of Oregon into Canada
-Was a 75 day long trip covering 1321 miles
-Defeated the pursuing army at every turn but ranout of food, horses, and ammuntion
-Then surrendered and were sent to barren lands in the Indian Country of Oklahoma (there most of them died of diseas)

Front 14

Wovoka

Back 14

-The Paiute messiah
-Said that preformances of the "Ghost Dances" would bring back Native American lands and would cause the whites to disappear, all the natives would reunite, the earth would be covered with dust, and a new earth would come upon the old, the vanished buffalo would return in great heards

Front 15

Ghost Dance

Back 15

-A set of dances and rites that grew from a vision of Paiute messiah named Wovoka
(See "Wovoka)

Front 16

Wounded Knee Massacre

Back 16

-The 7th calvary (Custers old regiment) caught up with Big Foot's band (remaining Ghost Dancers)
-Army had new machince guns that fired one shell/second, which shreaded tepees, and people
-About two hundred men, woment, and children were killed in the snow

Front 17

Assimilationists

Back 17

-Wanted to use education, land policy, and federal law to eradicate tribal society

Front 18

Dawes Severalty Act

Back 18

-Most important legal development in Indian-White relations in more than three centuries
-Aimed to end tribal life
-Divided tribal lands into small plots for distribution among members of the tribe
-Each family head received 160 acres, single adults 80 acres, and children 40 acres
-47 million acres of land were distributed to Native Americans and their families
-90 million acres in the reservations, and these lands, often the most fertile, were sold to white settlers

Front 19

Extermination of the Buffalo

Back 19

-Final blow to tribal life
-Started in the 1860's
-Transcontinental railroads pushed west, settlers found they could harm the Indians by killing the buffalo
-1871 a Pennsylvania tannery discovered that buffalo hides make vaulable leather
-Perfessional hunters swarmed across the Plains, killing millions
-1872 to 1874, three million buffalo were killed each year

Front 20

Buffalo Bill Cody

Back 20

-A well known buffalo hunter
-Created the "Wild west show" in 1883
-Became really popular
-Told tales about Indians and fighting, buffalo hunting/what not in the west

Front 21

Gold rush of 1849

Back 21

-Individual prospectors made the first gold stikes along the Sierra Nevada Mountains in 1849, touching off a minning boom that helped shape the development of the West and set the pattern for susequent strikes in other regions

Front 22

Overland Trail

Back 22

-The rout taken by thousands of travelers from the Mississippi Valley to the Pacific Coast in the last half of the 19th century. It was extremely defficult, often taking six months or more to complete

Front 23

Homestead Act of 1862

Back 23

Legislation granting 160 acres of land to anyone who paid a 10 dollar fee and pledged to live on and cultivate the land for 5 years. Although there was a good deal of fraud, the act encouraged a large migration to the West. Between 1862 and 1900, nearly 600,000 families claimed homesteads under its provisions.

Front 24

Timber Culture Act of 1873

Back 24

-Attempted to adjust the Homestead Act to western conditions
-Allowed homesteaders to claim an additional 160 acres if they planted trees ona quarter of it within four years
-Moderatly successful, distributed 10 million acres of land, encouraged needed forestation, and enabled homesteaders to expand their farms to a workable size

Front 25

Timber and Stone Act of 1878

Back 25

-Applied only to lands "unfit for cultivation" and valuable chiefly for timber or stone
-Permitted anyone in California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington to buy up to 160 acres of forest land ($2.50 and acre)

Front 26

National Reclamation Act

Back 26

-(Newlands Act)
-Passed in 1902
-Set asid the majority of the proceeds from the sale of public land in 16 western states to fund irrigation projects in the arid states

Front 27

"Hydraulic" Society

Back 27

-Rich in crops and cities (such as Los Angeles and Phoenix)
-Due to the National Reclamation Act for building dams, canals, and irrigations systems into the various dry areas

Front 28

Romualdo Pacheco

Back 28

-A Native son, served as governor of California and then went on to Congress
-A "Californios" (mexican-american)

Front 29

Las Gorras Blancas

Back 29

-"The White Caps"
-A secret organization of Spanish Americans, who attacked the movement of Anlgo ranchers into the las Vegas community land grant
-Armed and hooded, they cut down fences and scattered the stock of those they viewed as intruders

Front 30

"Instant Cities"

Back 30

-San Francisco, Salt Lake City, and Denver were the most spectacular examples
-Areas effected by uneven growth, people moving "here and there" following river bottoms, gold strikes, railroad tracks, and other opprotunities

Front 31

Placer Minning

Back 31

-A form of mining that required little technology or skill
-Placer mining techniques included using a shovel and a washing pan to separate gold from the ore in streams and riverbeds
-An early phase of the minning industry, could be performed by miners working as individuals or in small groups

Front 32

Comstock Lode

Back 32

-Discovered in 1859 near Virginia City, Nevada
-This ore deposit was the richest discovery in the history of mining
-Named after T.P. Comstock, a drifter who talked his way into partnership in the claim
-Between 1859 and 1879 the deposit produced silver and gold worth more than $306 million

Front 33

Chinese Exclusion Act

Back 33

-Legislation passed in 1882 tha excluded Chinese immigrant workers for ten years and denied U.S citizenship t Chinese nationals living in the United States
-First U.S eclusionary law that was aimed at a specific racial group

Front 34

Foreign Miners Tax

Back 34

-Charged foreign miners a $20 monthly licenseing fee
-As intended it drove out mexicans and other foreigners

Front 35

Vaqueros

Back 35

-Mexican cowboys
-developed the essential techniqes of branding, roundups, and roping

Front 36

Wyoming stock Growers Association

Back 36

-The largest and most formidable cattlemen association
-had 400 members owning 2 million cattle
-The laws of the association were "the laws of the land"
-(association of cowboys)

Front 37

Exodusters

Back 37

-A group of about 6 thousand African Americans who left their homes in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas in 1879 seeking freer lives in Kansas, where they worked as farmers and laborers

Front 38

Dry Farming

Back 38

-A farming technique developed to allow farming in the more arid parts of the West (where settlers had to deal with far less rainfall than they had east of the Mississippi)
-Furrows were plowed a foot or so deep and filled with a dust mulch to loosen soil and slow evaporation

Front 39

National Grange

Back 39

-National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
-Founded by Oliver H. Kelly in 1867
-Sought to relieve the drabness of farm life by providing a social, educational, and cultural outlet for its members
-It also set up grain elvators, cooperative stores, warehouses, insurance companies, and farm machinery factories
-Its constitution banned political involvement, but often supported railroad regulation and other measures

Front 40

Bonanza Farms

Back 40

-Huge farms covering thousands of acres on the Great Plains
-Reyling on large size and new macinery, they represented a development in agriculture similar to that taking place in inudstry

Front 41

Turners Thesis

Back 41

-Put forth by historian Frederick Jackson Turnier in his 1893 paper (The Significance of the Frontier in American History)
-This thesis said that the existance of a frontier and its settlement had shaped American character; given rise to individualism, independence, and self-confidence;
-And fostered the American spirit of invention and adaptation
-Later historians modified the thesis by pointing out the enviromental/other consequences of frontier settlement (the role of the federal gov. in peopling the arid west, and the clash of races/cultures that took place on the frontier)

Front 42

7th Calvary

Back 42

-A regiment of army men who gathered after the civil war was over, and did not want to stop fighting at that point
-Thier job was to keep in line the Native forces