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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SELECTIVE BREEDING |
process of choosing and breeding specific organisms for particular physical features or behaviours |
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TRUE BREEDING |
organisms that are homozygous for a particular trait or set of traits and produce offspring that exhibit the same characteristics generation after generation |
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MONOHYBRID CROSS |
cross of two individuals that differ in one trait |
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DOMINANT |
describes a trait which always appears (is expressed) in an idividual that is either heterozygous (Aa) or homozygous (AA) for that trait |
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RECESSIVE |
refers to a type of trait which does not appear (is not expressed) in an individual that is heterozygous (Aa) for that trait |
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COMPLETE DOMINANCE |
condition in which the dominant allele of a gene completely conceals the presence of the recessive allele of a gene; an individual with on recessive and one dominant allele has the same observable physical characteristic as an individual with two dominant alleles |
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LAW OF SEGREGATION |
Mendel's first law of inheritance, stating that all individuals have two copies of each factor (gene); these copies segregate (separate) randomly during gamete formation, and each gamete receives one copy of every factor (gene) |
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GENOTYPE |
the combination ofalleles for any given trait |
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PHENOTYPE |
the visible physical and physiological traits of an organism |
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HOMOZYGOUS |
describes an individual with two identical alleles for a trait (AA or aa) |
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HETEROZYGOUS |
describes an individual with two different alleles for a trait |
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PUNNETT SQUARE |
simple grid used to illustrate all possible combinations of simple genetics crosses |
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TEST CROSS |
cross of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual; used as a method to determine the unknown genotype |
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DIHYBRID CROSS |
cross of two individuals that differ in two traits |
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LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT |
Mendel's second law of inheritance, stating that the two alleles for one gene segregate (assort) independently of the alleles for other genes during gamete formation |
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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE |
a condition in which neither of two alleles for the same gene can completely conceal the presence of the other |
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CO-DOMINANCE |
describes a situation in which two alleles may be expressed equally; occurs when two different alleles for a trait are both dominant |
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CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE |
genes are carried on chromosomes |
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LINKED GENES |
genes found on the same chromosome |
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CROSSING OVER |
the process by which non-sister chromatids exchange genes during prophase I of meiosis, allowing for the recombination of genes |
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CHROMOSOME MAPPING |
process for determining the relative position of genes on a chromosome |
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MAP UNIT |
distance between genes on a single chromosome |
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RECOMBINANT TYPES |
describes offspring that have a different combination of alleles than the chromosome of their parents |
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PARENTAL TYPE |
describes offspring that have chromosomes that are identical to those of their parents |
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RECOMBINATION FREQUENCY |
percentage of times that a crossover occurs as gametes are formed |
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SEX-LINKED TRAITS |
trait controlled by genes on either the X or Y chromosome |
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BARR BODY |
structure formed when the inactive X chromosome condenses tightly |
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MULTIPLE ALLELES |
pattern of inheritance in which a gene has more than two alleles for any given trait |
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ORDER OF DOMINANCE |
sequence indicating which alleles are dominant to other alleles |
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CONTINUOUS TRAITS |
a trait for which the phenotypes vary smoothly from one extreme to another |
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POLYGENIC TRAITS |
trait that is controlled by many genes |
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pedigree |
diagram that uses symbols to illustrate the patterns of relationships and traits among a family over many generations |
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genetic screening |
any of several methods of identifying people who are at risk of developing particular genetic conditions or of passing these conditions on to their children |
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genetic counsellor |
person who uses an understanding of genetics to predict and explain traits in children |
