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154 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Accommodation

Normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far too near. The ciliary body adjusts the lens, rounding it, and the pupils constrict. When the eye focuses from near to far, the ciliary body flattens the lens and the pupil dilates

Anterior chamber

Area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris. It contains aqueous humor

Aqueous humor

Fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber. A humor is any body fluids, including blood and lymph

Biconvex

Consisting of two surfaces that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly, like part of a sphere. The lens of the eye is a biconvex body

Choroid

Middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera.

Ciliary body

Structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and the iris. It contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor

Cone

Photoreceptor sell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse. Cones are responsible for color and central vision

Conjunctiva

Delicate membrane lining the under surface of the eyelids and covering the anterior eyeball

Cornea

Fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball. Derived from Latin corneas, meaning horny, perhaps because as it protrudes outward, it was thought to resemble a horn

Fovea centralis

Tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision

Fundus of the eye

Posterior, inner part of the eye

Iris

Pigmented layer that opens and closes to allow more or less light into the eye. The central opening of the iris is the pupil

Lens

Transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye. It bends, refract, light rays to bring them into focus on the retina

Macula

Yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc, contains the fovea centralis, which is the area of clearest vision

Optic chiasm

Point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain, Latin Chiasma means crossing

Optic disc

Region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meet the retina. It is a blind spot of the eye because because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods are cones, and is thus in sensitive to light

Optic nerve

Cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain, cerebral cortex

Pupil

Central opening of the eye, surrounded by the iris, through which light rays pass. It appears dark

Refraction

Bending of light rays by the cornea, Lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays in to focus on the retina. Refract means to break(-fract) back(-re)

Retina

Light sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing a photoreceptor cells, rods and cones

Rod

Photoreceptor cell of the retina essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision

Sclera

Top, white outer coat of the eyeball

Thalamus

Relay center of the brain. Optic nerve fibers pass through the thalamus on their way to the cerebral cortex

Vitreous humor

Soft, jelly like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber. Helps maintain the shape of the eyeball

Aque/o

Water

Blephar/o

Eyelid. See palpebr/o

Conjunctiv/o

Conjunctiva

Cor/o

Pupil. See pupill/o

Corne/o

Cornea. See kerat/o

Cycl/o

ciliary body or muscle of the eye

Dacry/o

Tears, tear duct. See lacrim/o

Ir/o, irid/o

Iris(colored part of the eye around the pupil)

Kerat/o

Cornea

Lacrim/o

Tears

Ocul/o

Eye

Opthalm/o

Eye

Opt/o, optic/o

Eye, vision

Palpebr/o

Eyelid

Papill/o

Optic disc, nipple like

Phac/o, phak/o

Lens of the eye

Pupill/o

Pupil

Retin/o

Retina

Scler/o

Sclera(white of the eye); hard

Uve/o

Uvea, vascular layer of the eye(iris, ciliary body, and choroid)

Vitre/o

Glassy

Ambly/o

Dull, dim

Dipl/o

Double

Glauc/o

Gray

Mi/o

Smaller, less

Mydr/o

Widen, enlarge

Nyct/o

Night

Phot/o

Light

Presby/o

Old age

Scot/o

Darkness

Xer/o

Dry

-opia

Vision

-opsia

Vision

-tropia

To turn

Anis/o

Unequal

Amblyopia

Lazy eye

-opia

Vision

Miosis

Contraction of the pupil

Mydriasis

Enlargement of the pupils

Hyperopia

Far sighted. Aka hypermetropia

Hemianopsia

Absence of vision in half of the visual plane

Esotropia

Turning of eye inward

Exotropia

Outward turning of the eye

Strabismus

Defect in eye muscles so that both eyes cannot be focused on the same point at the same time

Astigmatism

Defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye so the image is distorted

Hyperopia, hypermetropia

Farsightedness. The eyeball is too short or the refractive powers of the lens is too weak. Use a convex lens

Myopia

Nearsightedness. The eyeball is too long, or the refractive power of the lens is so strong the light rays do not property focus on there at night. Concave glasses

Presbyopia

Impairment of vision as a result of old age. Loss of the elasticity of the ciliary body impairs its ability to adjust the lens for accommodation to near vision. Convex lens

Cataract

Clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision. A type of degenerative eye disease, protein in the lens aggregates and clouds vision, links to aging. May be present at birth or occur with diabetes mellitus, ocular trauma, or prolonged corticosteroid

Chalazion

Small, hard, cystic mass, granuloma, on the eyelid. Formed as a result of chronic inflammation of a sebaceous gland along the margin of the eyelid. Requires incision and drainage

Diabetic retinopathy

Retinal effects of diabetes mellitus include microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, and neovascularization, new blood vessels form in the retina. Macular edema occurs as fluid leaks from blood vessels into the retina and vision is blurred. Exudates, fluid leaking from the blood, appears in the retina as yellow white spots

Glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision. Intraocular pressure elevated because of the inability of aqueous humor to drain from the eye and enter the bloodstream. It is diagnosed by by means of tonometry

Hordeolum, stye or sty

Localized, purulent, inflammatory staphylococcal infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid

Macular degeneration

Progressive damage to the macula of the retina. It is one of the leading causes of blindness in the elderly. Drive for March by atrophy and degeneration of retinal cells and deposits of clumps of extra cellular debris, or drusen. The webform results from development of new and leaky blood vessels close to the macula. No treatment for the dry form

Nystagmus

Repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes. Brain tumors or diseases of the inner ear may cause. Normal in newborns

Retinal detachment

Two layers of the retina separate from each other. Trama, head injuries, bleeding, scarring from infection, or shrinkage of the vitreous humor can produce holes or tears in the retina and result in separation of layers

Strabismus

Abnormal deviation of the eye period a failure of the eyes to look in the same direction because of weakness of a muscle controlling the position of one I. Exotropia, one I turned inward, cross eyed. Exotropia, 1 eye turns out word, I eye. Hypertropia, upward deviation of 1 eye. Hypotrophy it down or deviation of one eye

Dacryocystitis

Blockage, inflammation, and infection of a nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac, causing redness and swelling in the region between the Noe and the lower lid

Ectropion

Outward sagging inversion of the eyelid, leading to improper lacrimation and corneal drying and ulceration

Entropion

Inversion of the eyelid, causing the lashes to rub against the eye, corneal abrasion may result

Ptosis

Drooping of the upper lid margin as a result of neuromuscular problems or drama

Xanthelasma

Raise yellowish plaque on eyelid caused by lipid disorder

Fluorescein angiography

Intravenous injection of fluorescein followed by a serial photographs of the retina through dilated pupils. Diagnostic info about blood flow in the retina comedy text vascular changes in diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy, and identifies lesions in the macular area of the retina

Ophthalmoscopy

Visual examination of the interior of the eye. Pupils dilated before

Slit lamp microscopy

Examination of anterior ocular structures under microscopic magnification. Provide the magnified view of the conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, when, and victorious

Tonometry

Measures intraocular pressure to detect glaucoma

Visual acuity test

Clarity of vision is assessed. A Snellen chart at 20 feet

Visual field test

Measurement of the area, peripheral and central, within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed, looking straight ahead without movement of the head

Enucleation

Removal of the entire eyeball. Necessary to treat tumors such as ocular melanoma or of an eyeball has become blind and painful from trauma or diseases, such as glaucoma

Keratoplasty

Surgical repair of the cornea. Also known as corneal transplant it removed patience card or opaque cornea and replaces it with a donor cornea which is sutured into place

Laser photocoagulation

Intense, precisely focus light beam creates an inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky retinal blood vessels. Used to treat retinal tears, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration

LASIK

Laser in situ keratomileusis. Use of an excimer laser to correct errors of refraction, myopia, hyperopia, and a stigmatism. Performed as an outpatient procedure with use of local anesthesia

Phacoemulsification

Ultra sonic vibrations break up the lens, which then is aspirated through the ultrasonic probe. Typical surgery for cataract removal

Scleral buckles

Suture of a silicone band to the sclera over a detached portion of the retina. The band pushes the two parts of the retina against each other to bring together the two layers of the detached retina

Vitrectomy

Removal of the vitreous humor. The vitreous is replaced with a clear solution and is necessary when blood and scarred tissue accumulate in the vitreous humor, a complication of diabetic retinopathy

Auditory canal

Channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum

Auditory meatus

Auditory canal

Auditory nerve fibers

Carry impulses from the Internet to the brain, cerebral cortex. These fibers composed of the vestibulocochlear nerve, cranial nerve 8

Auditory tube

Channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx, eustachian tube

Auricle

Flap of the ear, the protruding part of the external ear, or pinna

Cerumen

Waxy substance secreted by the external ear, also called ear wax

Cochlea

Snail shell shaped, spiral round tube in the inner ear. Contains hearing sensitive receptor cells

Endolymph

Fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear

Eustachian tube

Auditory tube

Incus

Second ossicle, bone, of the middle ear. Incus means anvil

Labyrinth

Maze Like series of canals in the ear. This includes the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals

Malleus

First ossicle of the middle ear, malleus means hammer

Organ of Corti

Sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear

Ossicle

Small bone of the ear, includes the malleus, incus, and stapes

Oval window

Membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear

Perilymph

Fluid contained in the labyrinth of the inner ear

Pinna

Auricle, flap of the ear

Semicircular canals

Passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium

Stapes

Third ossicle of the middle ear. Means stirrup

Tympanic membrane

Membrane between the outer and middle ear, also called the eardrum

Vestibule

Central cavity of the labyrinth, connecting the semicircular canals and the cochlea. The vestibule contains two structures, the saccule and the utricle, that help to maintain equilibrium

Acous/o

Hearing

Audi/o

Hearing,the sense of hearing

Audit/o

Hearing

Aur/o

Ear. See ot/o and auricul/o

Auricul/o

Ear. See ot/o and aur/o

Cochle/o

Cochlea

Mastoid/o

Mastoid process

Mastoid process

Posterior portion of the temporal bone extending downward behind the external auditory meatus

Myring/o

Eardrum, tympanic membrane. See tympan/o

Ossicul/o

Ossicle

Ot/o

Ear. See aur/o and auricul/o

Salping/o

Eustacian tube, auditory tube. Also fallopian tubes

Staped/o

stapes, third bone of the middle ear

Tympan/o

Eardrum, tympanic membrane. See myring/o

Vestibul/o

Vestibule

-acusis

Hearing. See -cusis

-cusis

Hearing. See -acusis

-meter

Instrument to measure

-otia

Ear condition

Presbycusis

Nerve deafness. Comes with aging

Macrotia

Abnormally large ears

Acoustic neuroma

Benign tumor arising from the acoustic vestibulocochlear nerve(8) in the brain. This tumor causes tinnitus (ringing in the ears) vertigo, and decreased hearing

Cholesteatoma

Collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac within the middle ear. The cyst like mass is produce a foul smelling discharge and most often the result of chronic otitis media

Deafness

Loss of the ability to hear. Nerve deafness, sensorineural hearing loss, results from impairment of the cochlea or auditory nerve. Conductive deafness results from impairment of the middle ear ossicles and membranes transmitting sound waves into the cochlea

Meniere disease

Disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear, elevated endolynph pressure within the cochlea (cochlear hydrops) and semicircular canals (vestibular hydrops)

Otitis media

Inflammation of the middle ear. Suppurative otitis media has pus formation. Serous otitis media is a non infection inflammation with accumulation of serous fluid

Otosclerosis

Hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear. Hereditary condition that bone forms around oval window and causes fixation or ankylosis, stiffening, of the states bone. Conduction Deafness occurs

Tinnitus

Sensation of noises, raining, buzzing, whistling, booming, in the ears. Caused by irritation of delicate hair cells in the inner ear

Vertigo

Sensation of a regular or whirling motion either of oneself or external objects. Can result from disease in the labyrinth of the inner ear or in the nerve that carries messages from the semicircular canals to the brain. Equilibrium and balance are affected, and nausea may occur as well

Audiometry

Testing the sense of hearing

Cochlear implant procedure

Surgical insertion of a device that allows sensorineural hearing, impaired persons to understand speech. Electrical signals are sent directly into the auditory nerve by means of multiple electrodes inserted into the cochlea. And external microphone and speech processor pick up sound signals and convert them to electrical impulses

Ear thermometry

Measurement of the temperature of the tympanic membrane by detection of infrared radiation from the eardrum

Otoscopy

Visual examination of the ear canal within an otoscope

Tuning fork test

Test of ear conduction using a vibration source, tuning fork. To perform the Rinne test, the examiner places of based of the vibrating for work against the patient's mastoid bone and in front of the auditory meatus the tuning fork is placed on the center of the forehead. The loudness of sound is equal in both ears if hearing is normal