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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Punishment is Controversial |
- As a planned strategy - the contingent presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a reinforcing event is perceived as violating the rights of the person being treated - pos pun is perceived as producing unnecessary pain or discomfort -REMEMBER: "an aversive" stimulus is not defined by painful or unpleasant feelings- you want them to not like it, but they shouldn't be painful |
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cont'd |
- aversive in behavioural terminology is functional: the relationship. aversive doesn't mean painful- aversive means something that you actively avoid whatever it may be |
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Punishment |
- decrease the probability of the behaviour in the future - pos pun: adding stimulus event - neg pun: removing stimulus or event |
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Remember:::: |
-the adding and removing a stimulus is contingent on the behaviour EG. speeding ticket (both) - positive pun: receive ticked, add aversive stimulus , to decrease your behaviour - neg pun: removal of money from your bank account (reinforcing stimulus taken away - then the ticket is a SD/symbol of a consequence "fine" lost money |
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Two Common Types of NEG PUNISHMENT procedures |
- both procedures remove reinforcing events/stimuli contingent on the problem behaviour that functions to decrease that problem behaviour in the future |
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1. Time out |
- loss of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period contingent on the problem behaviour - the result is a decrease in the future probability of the problem behaviour |
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A) Exclusionary B) Non- Exclusionary |
A) person is completely removed from the room (the reinforcing environment) taken to another room B) person remains in the room just removed from positive reinforcers |
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6 Considerations to Time Out's FPLEIP |
1. What is the function of the problem behaviour? - make sure it is not escape.. or else you are reinforcing the problem behaviour by letting them leave -best to use timeout with problem behaviours that are maintained by positive reinforcement involving social/ tangible reinforcers |
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2. |
2. Is it practical in the situation? - if no room or area exists where the client can be removed fro positive reinforcers, time out cannot be implemented -what if the person resists going on time out - is it safe for the client, change agent and others in the room |
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3. |
3. how long will the time out be? -NO research on how long it should be... arbitrary numbers - consider the child, setting, situation and change agents - if client is engaging in the problem behaviours in time out area at the end of timeout period it is extended for a brief time |
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4. |
4. Can escape from Time out be prevented? -for time out to be effective client must not leave until the interval is up - if they cannot prevent escape from time out or cannot avoid reinforcing the struggle, time out should not be used |
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5. |
5. Can interactions in Time out be avoided -must be implemented calmly and without any emotional response from change agent - not interact with client -reprimands, explanations or any other form of attention must be avoided because they lessen its effectiveness |
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6. |
6. Policies/ Consent - is Time out acceptable in the give situation -in some treatment settings- rules and regulations govern the use of timeout and other punishment procedures - before deciding to use time out must be certain the procedure is acceptable in the particular treatment environment |
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2. Response Costs |
- the removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer contingent on the occurrence of the problem behaviour - note hat the person already possesses (or had the opportunity to possess) the reinforcer when it is taken away - MONEY often used as reinforcer removed - can adjust the amount based on severity -also any privilege can be removed |
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RC |
- negative punishment procedure when it results in a decrease in the future probability of the problem |
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TO vs. RC |
in time out the person is removed fro access to all sources of reinforcement contingent on the problem behaviour with response cost a specific amount of a reinforcer the person already possesses is removed after the problem behaviour |
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Considerations for Response Costs 1. |
1. Which Reinforcer will be removed and how much will be removed -must be one the change agent has control over so that it can be removed after the problem behaviour -quantity must be large enough so its loss contingent on the problem behaviour will decrease the PB |
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2. |
2. Is the loss immediate or delayed - can delayed punishment be "understood" - token loss is immediate - can use verbal statements about the future loss - use symbolic representations to become conditioned punishers if paired with eventual loss of reinforcer - |
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3. |
3. ETHICS - parents make take away personal possessions, but staff taking away person possession in adult treatment centres is a violation of their rights - do NOT deprive anyone of nutritional requirements that could result in harm to the child |
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4. |
4. Practical and acceptable - can the change agent carry out the response cost (follow through) - does the change agent agree with the procedure |
