Chapter 17

Front 1

What system handles short-term crisis management?

Back 1

Nervous system

Front 2

What is the endocrine system for?

Back 2

1. Regulates long term ongoing metabolic.
2. Communication is done in a way that endocrine cells release hormones and the hormones are then sent to a specific target cells, which are specific cells that respond to hormones.

Front 3

Where does paracrine communication occur?

Back 3

Involves chemical messengers through extra cellular fluid that re limited to their local area, unlike endocrine that can travel the blood stream.

Front 4

What does the endocrine system include?

Back 4

All the endocrine cells and tissues of the body that produce hormones or paracrine factors that effects beyond their tissues of the organ.

Front 5

How can hormones be divided? And name them.

Back 5

Can be divided into 3 groups on the basis of their chemical structure a. Amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, lipid derivatives

Front 6

What compounds can be found in the amino acid derivative group, and what are they called?

Back 6

1. Epi, Nor Epi, dopamine
2. Called catecholamines.

Front 7

Explain the peptide hormones.

Back 7

Peptide hormones are composed of chains of amino acids that are why they are structurally similar to amino acids.

Front 8

Peptide hormones are further divided into 2 other groups what are they.

Back 8

Glycoprotein’s and short polypeptides and small proteins.

Front 9

How are lipid derivatives further divided?

Back 9

1. Eicosanoids
2. Steroids derived from cholesterol

Front 10

When hormones are released from there specific area what happens.

Back 10

It is freely circulating when it enters the blood stream on it way to the specific area that it is needed, some hormones like thyroid hormones and steroid hormones remain in circulation much longer due to the fact that they have special transport proteins. Other hormones are rapidly removed from the bloodstream.

Front 11

For a cell to be affected by a hormone what must be present.

Back 11

The proper receptor for that hormone, if it lacks the receptor then there will be no affect on the cell

Front 12

Explain what First messenger is

Back 12

An extra cellular substance (as the hormone epinephrine or the neurotransmitter serotonin) that binds to a cell-surface receptor and initiates intracellular activity.

Front 13

Explain what second messenger is

Back 13

1. They are molecules that relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, in the cytoplasm or nucleus?
2. Functions inside the cell as an enzyme activator

Front 14

What are the most important second messengers?

Back 14

1. Cyclic-AMP (cAMP), which is a derivative of ATP
2. Cyclic-GMP (cGMP), a derivative of GTP, another high-energy compound
3. Calcium ions

Front 15

The presence or absence of a hormone can do what?

Back 15

Can affect the nature and number of hormone receptor proteins in the cell membrane.

Front 16

Explain DOWN-REGULATION in reference to Second messengers.

Back 16

1. Process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors.
2. In other words (the more hormone are available the less receptors will be available and vice versa)

Front 17

What is the link btw the first and second messangers. Explain it.

Back 17

1. G Protein. And enzyme complex coupled to a membrane receptor
2. There are several types of G proteins, but in each type the G protein is activated when a hormone binds to ints receptor at the membrane
surface.

Front 18

Steroid hormones diffuse across what?

Back 18

1. across the lipid part of the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
2. Steroids have no second messanger, they go directly to the source.

Front 19

plain the process of steroid hormone affect on the cell.

Back 19

1. Diffusion through membrane lipid
2. Binding of hormone to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
3. Bdingin of hormon receptor complex to DNA
4. Gene activation
5. Transcription and mRNA prodution
6. Translation and protein synthesis
Then the target cell response.

Front 20

what are the functional counterparts of neural reflexes?

Back 20

Endocrine reflexes

Front 21

What does the hypothalamus regulate

Back 21

1. Activity of the nervous and endocrine system
a. highest level of endocrine control, intergrates the activites of the nervous and endocrine system

Front 22

how does the hypothalamus affect the adrenal medulla

Back 22

1. exerts direct neural control over the endocrine cells of the adrenal medullae.
a. Has its own autonomic centers 23ith direct link to the adrenal medullae

Front 23

How does the hypothalamus affect the anterior and posterior pituitary gland.

Back 23

1. secretes regulatory hormones that control anterior pituitary gland.
2. Releases hormone to the posterior pituitary gland
a. Synthesize hormones, transport them along axons with in the infundibulum and release them into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Front 24

What are some of the releasing factors produced by the hypothalamus

Back 24

1. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
2. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
3. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
4. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
5. Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

Front 25

how many peptide hormones does they pituitary gland release, and name them

Back 25

1. releases 9
2. Growth hormone GH, Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH, Folliclestimulating hormone FSH, Luteinizing hormone LH, Prolactin PRL, Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH also called Thyrotropin. the intermediate lobe produces endorphins, MSH, the posterior lobe stores 2 hormones (ADH and Oxytocin)

Front 26

Growth hormone and prolactin cannot be what

Back 26

1. regulated by the same type of feedback mechanism
2. release are directly inhibited by the hypothalamic inhibiting factors somatostatin and PIF.

Front 27

What does TRH trigger

Back 27

The release of TSH

Front 28

Corticotrophin releasing hormone CRH causes what

Back 28

1. the secreation of ACTH
2. ACTH stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal gland.

Front 29

What does gonadotropin releasing hormone do

Back 29

promotes the secretion of FSH and LH

Front 30

what does LH cause

Back 30

Causes ovulation and progestin production in females and androgen production in males.

Front 31

What does FSH do

Back 31

Stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm production in males.

Front 32

What does PH do

Back 32

Stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk production.

Front 33

What does GH or somatotropin do

Back 33

Stimulates cell growth and replication by release of somatomedins or IGF

Front 34

what is a GH or somatotopin disorder and how do you get it.

Back 34

Giantism, to much GH prior to puberty

Front 35

what hormone is secreted by the Pars Intermedia of the adenohypophysis, and what does it do

Back 35

1. MSH Melanocyte stimulating hormone
a. May be secrated by the pars intermedia during fetl development and early childhood, pregnancy or certain diseases

b. Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin.

Front 36

what hormones are stored in the posterior lobe of the potiotary gland. Where are they made.

Back 36

1. ADH, Oxytocin
2. The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus produces these two hormones.

Front 37

what stimulates the release or inhibits ADH

Back 37

A rise in the electrolye concentration stimulates the secretory neurons directly. And because they respond to a change in the osmotic concentration of the body fluid, these neurons are called osmoreceptors.

Front 38

In women how does oxytocin work

Back 38

Stimulates smooth muscle tissue in the wall of the uterus, promoting labor and delivery. After delievery, oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the myoepithelial cells around the secretory alveoli and the ducts of the mammary glands, promoting the ejection of milk.

Front 39

Explain diabetes insipidus

Back 39

ADH from the posterior pituitary no longer releases causing the individual kidney impairment and excessive amounts of water are lost in the urine causing the individual to constantly thirsty.

Front 40

The Thyroid gland lies where.

Back 40

Near the thyroid cartilage of the larynex.

Front 41

Large numbers of what are contains in the thyroid gland

Back 41

Thyroid follicles

Front 42

what do follicle cells synthesize

Back 42

A globular protein called thyroglobulin and secreted into the colloid of he thryroid follicles.

Front 43

Each thyroglobulin molecule contains what

Back 43

Amino acid tyrosine, the building block of thyroid hormones.

Front 44

What lines the thyroid follicles.

Back 44

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 45

Where are C cells located and what is there purpose.

Back 45

Each thyroid follicle has one C cell that is attached to the outer simple cuboidal epithelium which is larger then the follicular epithelium and the purpose is to produce calcitonon which is for regulating concentration of calcium in the body fluids.

Front 46

What hormones do thyroid gland follicles release.

Back 46

T3, and T4 once released they attach to the albumin.

Front 47

What is the function of thyroid hormones.

Back 47

Held in storage until needed then when called upon, attach to mitochondria thereby increasing ATP production, exert a calorgenic effect increasing metabolism therefore increasing heat.

Front 48

What is cretinism

Back 48

A thyroid pathology due to severe deficiency of thyroxin in childhood acquired through congenital hypothyroidism. Child becomes idiotic dwarf , with bow legs, coarse leathery skin and enlarged tongue.

Front 49

What is nessecary for the production of thyroid hormones. And what thyroid pathology is do to a deficiency in this.

Back 49

1. Iodine
2. Goiter. – thyroid gland to gwo in size by increasing cell division due to a great number of TRH

Front 50

Where are the parathyroid glands, what do they do.

Back 50

4 parathyroid glands emnedded posterior surface of the thyroid gland produces PTH in response to lower than normal calcium concentration. PTH plus calcitriol are the primary regulators of calcium levels in healthy adults.

Front 51

What happens when blood concentration of calcium drops below normal.

Back 51

Like the C cells of the thyroid gland the chief cells of the parathyroid gland secrete PTH, the result being and increase in concentration of calcium in the body fluids.