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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of government was western Europe?
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Highly decentralized like post classical india
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Why was Byzantium so wealthy?
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It's location on the golden horn chasing helped trade
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What is caesaropapism?
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The emporer ruled as a secular Lord but played a prominent role in ecclesiastical affairs
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How were the Byzantines ruled politically?
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Had a highly centralized rule under a powerful emporer
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What was theodoras job?
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Stripper
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What was justinian's most important political contribution?
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Corpus luris civilis in which he re-codified and fixed ancient Roman law
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What was Greek fire?
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An incendiary weapon used fight off the Muslims
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What was the theme system?
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Overseen by a general who recruited a peasant army in exchange for allotments of land
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What did the theme system do?
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Helped the Byzantine keep political and social control form 9th-12th centuries
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In western Europe Germanic peoples did what?
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Established regional kingdoms
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Who were the most successful and influential Germanic peoples in western Europe?
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The Franks
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Why did the Franks convert to Christianity?
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Brought them the allegiance of the western Church and Pope.
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Who did the Carolingians take their name from?
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Charles "The Hammer" Martel
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Why is Charles Martel called Charles "The Hammer" Martel?
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Pounded Islamic forcesat the battle of Tours in 732
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Who can Charlemagne be mostly compared to?
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Harsha of India who worked tirelessly.
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Who was Charlemagne able to have relations with because of his high dominance?
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The Abbasids
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What did caliphate Harun al Rashad give Charlemagne?
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Abu al-abbas
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What did Charlemagne build at Aachen, Germany?
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court and capital
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What is missi dominici?
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envoys of the lord ruler
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What did Charlemagne's missi dominici do?
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reviewed local authorities and brought the counts under tight control.
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On Christmas day of 800, who crowned Charlemagne?
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Pope Leo III and it showed the political power the Pope has.
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Why was Charlemagne so hesitant to be crowned?
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did not want to offend the Byzantines
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Who is Louis the Pious?
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son of Charlemagne who held the empires together after his dad's death but eventually lost control
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What did Charlemagne's son lose control over in the empire?
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the counts and local authorities
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What did Louis the Pious's sons do?
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fought and fought and fought until eventually they divided up the empire into three parts.
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What invaders took a toll on Europe?
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Muslims, Magyars, Vikings.
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Who were the first Europeans to reach the Americas?(that we have proof of)
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Vikings.
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Was western Europe decentralized or centralized?
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decentralized like post-classical India.
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How did Europe defend itself against its invaders?
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created compact regional kingdoms formed (England and Germany).
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What did the formation of compact regional kingdoms decrease the likely hood of?
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central, imperial rule would return to Europe.
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What did the two monks smuggle into Byzantine?
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silkworms producing silk that brought tremendous wealth.
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What was the official language of Byzantine in the sixth century?
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they went back to Greek.
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What is a bezant?
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a gold coin that served as the mediterranean currency for 600 years.
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What did the heavy mold-board from China greatly increase?
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agriculture in western Europe.
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Who did the Norse traders trade with?
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the muslims despite their rowdy behavior.
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What is a benefit of the Norse traders?
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kept trade flourishing in the North and Baltic Seas
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What did the political and military elites work to maintain?
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territories and social order.
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What was the most important relationship in feudalism?
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lords and retainers.
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Who supported lords and retainers?
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peasants.
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What is the reason for the jumps of population from 200 CE to 1000in classic Rome?
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both halves of the Christendom building productive agricultural economies.
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What was the population of classic Rome in 200 CE?
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36 million
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What was the population of classic Rome in 600 CE?
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26 million
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What was the population of classic Rome in 1000 CE?
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36 million
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What did Christianity inherit from the Roman Empire?
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a strong organizational hierarchy, making it far more structured than other religious traditions (Islam, Buddhism).
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Who was most responsible for taking the western church in an independent direction?
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Pope Gregory I
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What did Pope Gregory I reestablish?
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papal supremacy.
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The Patriarchs had far less power than who?
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the popes in the west.
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What showed the power of the caesaropapist?
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iconoclasm (breaking of icons).
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What job fell to the local monasteries rather than to the popes and the patriarchs?
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dealing with the lay populations of their churches.
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Who formulated rules for the monasteries?
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Sts.Basil and Benedict.
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Why were rules formulated for the monasteries?
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make them more consistent.
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What did St.Scholastica used her brother Benedict's rule for?
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to establish order for nuns in converts.
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What did Sts.Cyrill and Methodius develope when they were sent to the Balkans?
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the Cryillic alphabet
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Why was the Cryillic alphabet developed?
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to help local literacy in Balkan.
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When 989 Prince Valdimir of Kiev converted, what happend to Russia?
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Byzantine influence (social, political, religious) flooded in.
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How where the relations between the pope and the patriarch by 1054?
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they mutually excommunicated each other and refused to recognize each other's churches as properly Christian.
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What is the excommunication of the pope and the patriarch in 1054 called?
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the Schism.
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What did the Schism of 1054 do?
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showed the first major split of Christianity. (Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church)
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Why was literacy widespread?
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education was state controlled and free
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