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70 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

environment and organsims that inhabit it

ecosystems

include skin and mucus membranes

ecosystems

Dissimilar organisms living together

Symbiosis

both partners benefit

mutualism

one benefits while other is unaffected

commensalism

parasite derives benefit at expense of host

parasitism

population of microorgansims in/on healthy people

normal microbiota

microbes that inhabit body for extended periodsof time

Resident microbiota

microbes that are temporary

Transient micro biota

Changes; is dynamic

normal microbiota/flora

normal flora in fetus

no normal flora in utero


human fetus is sterile

how do normal microbiota protect against pathogens

covering binding sites


consuming nutrients


producing toxic compounds

normal microbiota stimulate ________ immune response

adaptive

prevent immune responses for overreacting to harmless subsances

Treg cells

sufficient exposure can lead to allergies and autoimmune diseases

hygiene hypothesis

5 beneficial roles of normal flora

1. protect against pathogens


2. stimulates adaptive immune response


3. promoting oral tolerance


4. aiding digestion


5. produce substances important for health

how do normal microbiota aid digestion

1. few enzymes that degrade complex carbohydrates


2. rely on microorgansims to break down most types of dietary fiber

bacteria in intestinal tract produce _____ and ______ that can be used by host

vitamin K and certain B vitamines

establishment of microbe and multiplying on a body surface

colonization

no symptoms or mild enough to go unnoticed

subclinical infection

infection that results in disease

infectious disease

noticeable impatient

disease

does not always lead to illness

infection

subjective effects experienced by the person (pain, nausea)

symptoms

observable effects (rash, pus formation, swelling)

signs

initial infections

primary infection

additional infection that occurs as result of primary infection

secondary infection

able to cause disease in otherwise healthy person

primary pathogen/pathogen

causes disease when introduced into unusual location or an immunocompromised person

opportunistic pathogen/opportunism

refers to degree of pathogenicity

virulence

traits that allow microbe to cause disease

virulence factors

spreads from one host to another

communicable/contagious disease

number of microbes necessary to establish infection

infectious dose

number of microbial cells given resulting in disease in 50% of test population

ID50

interval between introduction of pathogens and disease onset

incubation period

show no signs or symptoms but can infect others

carriers

rapid onset, short duration

acute infections

develops more slowly, lasts longer

chronic infections

never eliminated completely

latent infection

microbe limited to small area

localized infection

infectious agent disseminates throughout body

systemic/generalized infection

"-emia"

in the blood

necessary to cause infection

adherence

bacteria use _______ to do attach to host cells

adhesins

tips of pili and components of capsule or cell wall

adhesins

attach to receptors on host (binding highly specific)

adherence

prerequisite for production of infectious disease

colonization

breach anatomical barriers: skin and mucus membranes

invasion

activate in extremely small quantities

exotoxins

produce by gram-positive and gram-negative

exotoxins

actively secreted or leak out following lysis

exotoxins

most inactivated by heat

exotoxins

generally, carried by bloodstream from point of infection to distant parts of the body

exotoxins

some can be converted to toxoid

exotoxins

toxoid

vaccine

3 types of exotoxins

A-B toxins


membrane-damaging toxins


superantigens

enzyme for toxic part (where toxicity comes from)

A-B toxins

binds to host cell receptors

A-B toxins

cause cell lysis

membrane-damaging toxins

stimulate too many Th cells

superantigens

leads to massive release of cytokines

superantigens

"cytokine storm"

superantigens

fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

"cytokine storm"

can result in organ failure

superantigens

all are lipopolysaccharides: gram-negativebacteria

endotoxins

lipopolysaccharides

gram-negative bacteria

released when bacteria cell is damaged or divides

endotoxins

resistant to heat

endotoxins

systemic response can lead to

fever


dramatic drop in BP


disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

systemic response

endotoxins