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55 Cards in this Set

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What is the appropriate definition of feeding?
The process of obtaining and ingesting food.
Starts from the time you even look at your food.
What is suspension feeding?
Feeding on small objects that are suspended in water.
Usually you are preying/eating on something smaller than you, so a tuna wouldn't be eating another tuna.
IMPT:***
Suspension feeding has evolved many times in many groups of animals.. why?
Example: Whale Sharks feeding techniques.
Whale shark prey on very small micro organisms in the water, they use their big mouths to engulf thousands of microorganisms at a time.
So 1 reason why this could evolve numerous times is because it is prob something not many other fishes are doing because the whale sharks big body is his advantage.
2nd reason is the micro organisms are so small and so low on the food chain that not many people want to bothr with them, but at the same time energically favorable so the whale shark has some advantage.
Do hagfish have jaws?
No
What kind of feeding to hagfish embrace?
Hagfish grasp their food with DENTAL plates because they do not have jaws.
What are dental plates?
Dental plates are a paired series of cartilages that suppor the two rows of keratinous teeth.
When did origin of jaws originate?
Over 450 million years ago
What use to be thought of as "the jaw" in some fishes?
The gill arch, it was likely used for respiration before ever used for feeding. = Exadaptation
So what are jaws then?
Jaws are modified branchial arches (madibular)
What feeding do over 25,000 fish species and almost all vertebrates use?
SUCTION FEEDING :)
What technique does suction feedin need?
Relies on EXPLOSIVE expansion of mouth.
What is the problem with fish using suction feeding? & what happens?
Fish aren't good at closing their mouths, only good at opening them very rapidly.
--so when you have rapid expansion of the mouth, this decreases the pressure inside the mouth bringing in water and the prey forming a gradient.
Can some fish feed with 2 set of jaws?
Yes! Everyone has a set of oral jaws, and then pharyngeal jaws are independent from those.
In Moray Eel feeding how are the pharyangeal jaws used?
Pharyangeal jaws, capture prey with the mouth then the jaws come from behind and into the mouth and pull it back behind the oral jaw for transport and chewing.
How is feeding in tetrapods accomplished?
1. suction feeding like in fishes
2. lingual prehension ( grasping prey with tongue) like frogs, sala, toads, and calelian
3. Jaw prehension (closing jaw around prey) - us & other mam
What is interesting about the water shrew?
Shrews can capture prey without eyesight via vibrissae.
How exactly do te water shrews capture their prey with no eyesight?
Swin around crazylike, until the prey is located by contact with the vibrissae.
-Then they swim with mouth open, until the prey is caught.
What kind of detection do harbor seals use?
Use hydrodynamic trails produced by the prey for detection.
IE- in the water, the body gives off a ripple and through hydrodynamic trails it can be detected at short/long distance.
-This hydrodnamic trails are detected via vibrissae in the water, and not through contact like the water shrews.
What is special about the bearded seal?
Can feed on both land and water.
Water through suction feeding and land via biting.
Bearded seals can feed both on water and land, so what modifications do they have to make?
During suction feeding, rather than opening the sides of the mouth, they close that part and create and circular opening in front for suction which can get to -90kPa.
What is the appropriate definition of feeding?
The process of obtaining and ingesting food.
Starts from the time you even look at your food.
What is suspension feeding?
Feeding on small objects that are suspended in water.
Usually you are preying/eating on something smaller than you, so a tuna wouldn't be eating another tuna.
IMPT:***
Suspension feeding has evolved many times in many groups of animals.. why?
Example: Whale Sharks feeding techniques.
Whale shark prey on very small micro organisms in the water, they use their big mouths to engulf thousands of microorganisms at a time.
So 1 reason why this could evolve numerous times is because it is prob something not many other fishes are doing because the whale sharks big body is his advantage.
2nd reason is the micro organisms are so small and so low on the food chain that not many people want to bothr with them, but at the same time energically favorable so the whale shark has some advantage.
Do hagfish have jaws?
No
What kind of feeding to hagfish embrace?
Hagfish grasp their food with DENTAL plates because they do not have jaws.
What are dental plates?
Dental plates are a paired series of cartilages that suppor the two rows of keratinous teeth.
When did origin of jaws originate?
Over 450 million years ago
What use to be thought of as "the jaw" in some fishes?
The gill arch, it was likely used for respiration before ever used for feeding. = Exadaptation
So what are jaws then?
Jaws are modified branchial arches (madibular)
What feeding do over 25,000 fish species and almost all vertebrates use?
SUCTION FEEDING :)
So some fish feed with 2 sets of jaws?
YES! We all have a set of oral jaws, but some fish have an extra inner set called pharyngeal jaws that are independent from oral jaws.
Specifically in Moray eel feeding, how are pharyangeal jaws used?
The prey is captured with the mouth, then the pharyngeal jaws from from behind into the mouth and pull the prey back behind the oral jaw to crush and transport.
What are the feeding mechanics for tetrapods?
1. suction feeding like fish use
2. lingual prehension (grasping prey with yongue) like frogs, salamanders and toads
3. jaw prehension (closing jaw around prey) like us and other mammals :)
What is particular about the water shrew?
It can capture its prey withouth eyesight with assistance of its vibrissae.
How exactly is the prey captured without eyesight?
They swim around like crazy animals in all different locations until the prey is located by contact with the whiskers.
-Then once they have made contact the water shrew swims around with its mouth open until the prey is facilitated into the mouth.
How do harbor seals detect their prey?
Similar to water shrews except harbor seals DO have eye sight, but use their whiskers hydrodynamically.
-They detect water ripples in the water from short/long distances via vibrissae.
What is unique about he bearded seal?
Studies have proven that this seal can feed on land via biting and in the water via suction feeding.
Does the seal have to modify anything to feed in the water?
YES, instead of having the sides of the mouth open, the seal closes this and instead opens the front of the mouth in a circular area to allow suction.
-This can generate up to -90 kPa of negative pressure which is GOOD for suction.
Since the seal is unlike fish with its modification to the mouth to facilitate suction, what else has to be different?
The bearded seal CANNOT have gills because then it wouldn't be able to even come onto land to feed. SO instead of the gills facilitating the water out of the fishes/seals mouth, the bearded seal uses hydraulic jetting to push the water out and leave the prey in the mouth.
What is an actual vibrissae?
Implanted in a special follicle sealed by a capsule filled with blood.
-SO when the whisker is bent in any kind of way, blood flows and activates the mechanoreceptors that allows for the detect of movement and other sensory techniques.
What is the rhythm of chewing controlled by?
Central pattern generator located in the brain stem.
What is the output modulaed by?
Output is modulated by other parts of the brain and by the properties of the food!
How is the output modulated?
VIA the periodntal pressoreceptors
What exactly do the periodontal pressoreceptors do?
They are mechanoreceptors near the root of the tooth, with a connection to the periodontal ligament.

-Pathway from the tooth to the brain basically, as you press one with your teeth on the food, the afferent sensory neurons provide info from the brain on exactly how hard to chew.
Can swallowing be regulated in mammals? If so how?
Yes, two phases!
1. ORAL (transport) phase where food moves from the oral cavity...
2. PHARYNGEAL PHASE where food moves through the pharynx to the esophagus.
What allows/tricks us in the regulation of swallowing to think that we have already swallowed?
EPIGLOTTIC VALLECULA
-located behind the tongue. when we take multiple gulps at one time but haven't swallowed everything this fills up and then during the pharyngeal phase it gets emptie.
What is Dyspagia?
When someone has a problem with swallowing.
As of recently what is related to swallowing or can initiate it?
Both a large volue and increased frequency can initiate swallowing. SOO multiple sensory neurons are involved, we just dont know how yet!
What are the 2 types of mammalian tonges?
Type 1- function if mainly INTRAORAL
Type 2- function is mainly FOOD GATHERING!
What type of tongues do we as humans have?
INTRAORAL because we dont kill our prey with our tongues, we use our hands, poles, guns etc.
What 4 things do all tongues have on them?
4 types of PAPILLAE
1.filiform (mechanical)
2. foliate (mechanical)
3. fungiform (gustatory)
4. circumvallate (gustatory)
Which papillae do you want to be closest to if you DONT want to tase a nasty pill?
Filiform
Which two papillae assist in detection of what is actually on the tongue?
Filiform and Foliate because they are the mechanical papillae, and can determine texture and physical properties.
What are ALL tongues attached too?
Hyoid bone, mandible, styloid processes and pharynx
What muscle fibers make up the tongue?
Longitudinal, transverse and verticle muscle fibers.
&& each muscle is independent and recieve different signals.