Chapter 16 - Attempts At Liberty

Front 1

federalism

Back 1

Delegating specified powers to the national government and reserving all other powers for the state governments

Front 2

popular sovereignty

Back 2

Government based upon the consent of the governed

Front 3

Old Regime

Back 3

Political and social order in France before the French Revolution

Front 4

sans-culottes

Back 4

"Without breeches"; Paris workers who supported the revolution

Front 5

coup d'etat

Back 5

A sudden and illegal seizure of power by force

Front 6

Continental System

Back 6

Attempt by Napoleon to blockade British trade by closing Europe's ports to British ships

Front 7

guerrillas

Back 7

"Little Wars"; small bands of troops that attack a superior force

Front 8

scorched-earth policy

Back 8

Burning everything that might be of value to the enemy

Front 9

Pilgrims

Back 9

Group of English Separatists that left for the New World in 1620

Front 10

Mayflower Compact

Back 10

A temporary agreement establishing civil authority for the Plymouth Colony

Front 11

Declaration of Independence

Back 11

Document in which the American colonies declared their independence from Britain

Front 12

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Back 12

Treaty ending the War of Independence between the United States and Britain

Front 13

Bill of Rights

Back 13

The first ten amendments of the United States Constitution; define liberties and place restraints on governmental interference

Front 14

First Estate

Back 14

Clergy of the Roman Catholic Church; one segment of French society

Front 15

Second Estate

Back 15

Nobility; one segment of French society

Front 16

Third Estate

Back 16

Largest segment of French society; all who were not clergy or nobility

Front 17

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Back 17

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

Front 18

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Back 18

Placed the French church under state control, provided for the election of all the clergy by the people, and required the clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the state

Front 19

Jacobins

Back 19

French revolutionaries who advocated the most radical changes; appealed to the sans-culottes

Front 20

Committee of Public Safety

Back 20

Twelve-man committee headed by Robespierre; managed the everyday affairs of the French Revolutionary government

Front 21

Brunswick Manifesto

Back 21

Declaration of the Duke of Brunswick calling upon the French people to rally behind their king and to protect him from the leaders of the Revolution

Front 22

levee en masse

Back 22

A nation calling upon all its citizens to take an active part in the war effort; first employed during the French Revolution

Front 23

Directory

Back 23

French revolutionary government after the National Convention; two-chamber legislature; five Directors; overthrown by Napoleon

Front 24

Code Napoleon

Back 24

Napoleon's codification of French laws

Front 25

George III

Back 25

King of England during the American Revolution

Front 26

July 4, 1776

Back 26

The day the American colonies declared their independence from Great Britain

Front 27

George Washington

Back 27

General who led the American forces in the Revolutionary war and later became the first president of the United States of America

Front 28

Louis XVI

Back 28

king during the French revolution who was later beheaded

Front 29

July 14, 1789

Back 29

The day the angry french mobs stormed the Invalides and the Bastille looking for arms; symbolized the downfall of the Old Regime in France

Front 30

George-Jacques Danton

Back 30

One of the prominent leaders of the Jacobins; later executed by Robespierre

Front 31

Jean-Paul Marat

Back 31

One of the prominent leaders of the Jacobins

Front 32

Maximilien de Robespierre

Back 32

One of the prominent leaders of the Jacobins who later led the Committee of Public Safety

Front 33

Napoleon Bonaparte

Back 33

French leader who influenced and dominated the continent of Europe from 1796 to 1815; named First Consul for life by the French

Front 34

Lord Nelson

Back 34

Commanded the British fleet who destroyed the French fleet anchored at Alexandria, Egypt

Front 35

Duke of Wellington

Back 35

Under his leadership, the allied fores defeated Napoleon's troops at Waterloo

Front 36

Alexander I

Back 36

Russian Czar

Front 37

"a revolution devours its own"

Back 37

illustrated by the arrest and death of Robespierre and his followers

Front 38

Napoleon's most famous and enduring accomplishment

Back 38

The Code of Napoleon

Front 39

guillotine

Back 39

famous method of execution used during the French Revolution

Front 40

Reasons England permitted it American colonies great religious and political liberty

Back 40

relative unimportance of the colonies, the failure of the colonies to show a profit, England's attention to other areas of the world

Front 41

"No taxation without representation"

Back 41

The root of the colonial protest against the actions of Parliament

Front 42

Battle of Saratoga

Back 42

Battle fought in October 1777 that was the turning point in the war for Independence because France openly supported America after this victory

Front 43

Storming of the Bastille

Back 43

Action of the Parisian mob that is considered the beginning of the French Revolution

Front 44

Napoleon's becoming Emperor in 1804

Back 44

Event that officially brought an end to the French Republic

Front 45

Battle of Austerlitz

Back 45

Battle that illustrates the military genius of Napoleon and is often called his greatest triumph

Front 46

St. Helena

Back 46

Where Napoleon was banished the last time

Front 47

Battle of Waterloo

Back 47

Battle where Napoleon was defeated for the last time