Chapter 16

Front 1

Respiratory system

Back 1

The lungs and the airways responsible for putting oxygen into the blood and taking carbon dioxide out of it

Front 2

Alveoli

Back 2

Tiny air sacks in the lungs that are blown up like balloons when a person breathes in

Front 3

Respiration

Back 3

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

Front 4

Ventilation

Back 4

Moving air in and out of the lungs

Front 5

Diaphragm

Back 5

The major muscle used to move air into the lungs, it is a large sheet of muscle that runs across the trunk of the body and separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity

Front 6

Inhalation (inspiration)

Back 6

Drawing air into the lungs

Front 7

Exhalation (expiration)

Back 7

Pushing air out of the lungs

Front 8

Compliance

Back 8

The elastic stretching of the lungs when the diaphragm pulls on them and air fills them. As a person ages and the elastic material in the lungs stiffens and they do not stretch as much and can not pull as much air in

Front 9

Total lung capacity

Back 9

All of the air the lungs can hold which includes air that can not be moved in and out but remains in the lungs

Front 10

Vital capacity

Back 10

the air that can be moved in and out of the lungs

Front 11

Tidal volume

Back 11

The small amount of air we normally breathe

Front 12

Intercostals

Back 12

two sets of muscles between the ribs used to move additional air into and out of the lungs during activity; one set pull the ribs apart to expand the chest cavity and draw more air in and the other pulls the ribs together to push more air out

Front 13

Nasal septum

Back 13

A wall that separates the two nostrils and nasal cavities

Front 14

Nasal cavities

Back 14

Spaces that filter, moisten, and warm the air and take it to the pharynx

Front 15

Pharynx

Back 15

The thoat, it carries food and water as well as air. At its lower end it divides into the trachea, which carries the air to the lungs, and the esophagus, which carries the food and water to the stomach.

Front 16

Epiglottis

Back 16

A flap that covers the opening to the trachea when food or water is swallowed to insure it does not get into the lungs

Front 17

Larynx

Back 17

A set of cartilages surrounding the opening between the cartilage, is the Adam's apple

Front 18

Vocal cords

Back 18

Cords of tissue at the upper end of the trachea that can be stretched and controlled as air is forced over them to produce sounds and generate speech

Front 19

Trachea

Back 19

The windpipe that carries the air toward the lungs

Front 20

Bronchi

Back 20

Right and left divisions of the trachea that take air into the lungs and then divide into a tree like set of passageways in each lung to distribute the air throughout

Front 21

Lobes

Back 21

Separate sections of the lungs; the right lung is divided into three, the left lung two

Front 22

Bronchioles

Back 22

Tiny air passages that take the air into the air sacks, the alveoli

Front 23

Surfactant

Back 23

A chemical produced in the lungs to lower the surface tension of the water lining the alveoli to make it easier for them to expand and fill with air

Front 24

Mediastinum

Back 24

The space in the chest cavity between the lungs that contain the heart, major blood vessels and the esophagus

Front 25

Pleura

Back 25

The protective sac around each lung, it is two layers of membrane with a fluid filled space in between

Front 26

Parietal pleura

Back 26

The outside layer of the pleura that is attached to the chest wall

Front 27

Visceral pleura

Back 27

The inside layer of the pleura that is attached to the outside of the lung

Front 28

Respiratory center

Back 28

A group of neurons in the medulla oblongata of the brain stem that controls the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to control how fast and deeply a person breathes

Front 29

Normal breathing rates:
Breathes per minute
a. Newborns
b. Infants
c. Preschool kids
d. Older kids
e. Adults

Back 29

a. About 44
b. 20-40
c. 20-30
d. 16-25
e. 12-20

Front 30

Hyperventilation

Back 30

Breathing that is too rapid or deep that puts too much oxygen in the blood which can result in the person becoming dizzy and passing out

Front 31

Tachypnea

Back 31

excessively fast breathing that may or may not be accompanied by increased depth of breathing

Front 32

Hypoventilation

Back 32

Breathing that is too slow or shallow to provide enough air flow into the lungs. Oxygen levels in the blood fall and carbon dioxide levels rise

Front 33

Hyperpnea

Back 33

a normal increase in the rate and depth of breathing in response to exertion

Front 34

Apnea

Back 34

A temporary cessation of breathing. If it takes place while the person is asleep it is sleep apnea

Front 35

Dyspnea

Back 35

Difficulty in breathing that often leads to hypoventilation which causes discomfort or distress

Front 36

Orthopnea

Back 36

Difficulty in breathing while laying down. It is relieved by sitting or standing up

Front 37

Cheyne-Stokes

Back 37

Irregular breathing found in dying or brain damaged patients. Several breaths of gradually increasing depth will be followed by several breaths of gradually decreasing depth. This may progress to a pattern of single sharp inhalations separated by long periods without breathing

Front 38

Nosebleed (epitaxis)

Back 38

can result from trauma or from the tissues in the nose and nasal cavities drying out and cracking in a dry climate or in a heated house in the winter

Front 39

Upper respiratory

Back 39

Infections of the nose, nasal cavities, throat, or larynx

Front 40

Lower respiratory

Back 40

Infections of the trachea, bronchi, or lungs

Front 41

Allergic reactions

Back 41

A large response to a small thing (hypersensitivity); a persons immune system reacts in a powerful way to something when most people may not respond to it at all

Front 42

Asthma

Back 42

a chronic (long lasting) disorder that is one of the most common diseases in the world. It affects the airways which are often inflamed and sensitive causing them to react strongly when something irritates them. When irritated the air passages restrict, becoming smaller and fill up with mucus making it difficult to breath.No known cause but tends to run in families

Front 43

Emphysema

Back 43

Begins with a loss of elasticity in the air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) which are supposed to inflate and deflate like balloons. When they lose their elasticity they inflate but do not deflate. Old air becomes trapped in them and blocks the intake of new air. Without fresh air, blood oxygen levels fall and carbon dioxide levels rise, leading to the urge to breathe.

Front 44

Bronchitis

Back 44

Inflammation of the air passages of the lungs which swell up and secrete excess mucus causing coughing and difficulty in breathing

Front 45

Chronic ocstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)

Back 45

A combination of bronchitis and emphysema

Front 46

Lung cancer

Back 46

Linked strongly to smoking

Front 47

Pleurisy

Back 47

Extremely painful inflammation of pleura

Front 48

Pneumothorax

Back 48

air in the space between the two layers of the pleura

Front 49

Hemothorax

Back 49

Blood in the space between the two layers of the pleura