Chapter 15 Study Guide #3

Front 1

What are the steps of DNA cloning?

Back 1

1. restriction enzyme cuts nucleotide sequence in DNA

2. DNA fragment and plasmid base pair at sticky end and is joined by DNA ligase

3. plasmid into host bacterial cell; cell reproduces and copies the plasmid

Front 2

What makes the taq polymerase used in PCR different from others?

Back 2

more heat tolerant than other DNA polymerase

Front 3

annealing

Back 3

for complementary sequences of single-stranded DNA or RNA to pair by hydrogen bonds to form a double-stranded polynucleotide

Front 4

buffers

Back 4

set of chemicals that can keep the pH of a solution stable by alternately donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH

Front 5

cDNA

Back 5

complementary strand of DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the enzyme reverse transcriptase

Front 6

cloning vector

Back 6

DNA molecule that can accept foreign DNA and be replicated inside a host cell

Front 7

denaturation

Back 7

unraveling the shape of a protein or other large biological molecule

Front 8

DNA cloning

Back 8

set of methods that uses living cells to make many identical copies of a DNA fragment

Front 9

DNA libraries

Back 9

collection of cells that host different fragments of foreign DNA, often representing an organism's entire genome

Front 10

DNA profiling

Back 10

identifying an individual by analyzing the unique parts of his or her DNA

Front 11

DNA sequencing

Back 11

order of nucleotides in a strand of DNA

Front 12

elongation

Back 12

addition of amino acids to the growing protein chain

Front 13

gel electrophoresis

Back 13

lab method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size

Front 14

genetic engineering

Back 14

process by which deliberate changes are introduced into an individual's genome

Front 15

GMO (genetically modified organisms)

Back 15

organism whose genome has been modified by genetic engineering

Front 16

genomics

Back 16

study of genomes

Front 17

nucleotides

Back 17

-small organic compound that is a sub-unit of nucleic acids

-consists of a 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen-containing base, and one or more phosphate groups

-ex: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

Front 18

plasmids

Back 18

of many prokaryotes, a small ring of non-chromosomal DNA

Front 19

PCR (polymerase chain rection

Back 19

technique used to mass-produce copies of sections of DNA without having to clone in living cell

Front 20

primers

Back 20

short, single strand of DNA that base-pairs with a targeted DNA sequence

Front 21

recombinant DNA

Back 21

DNA molecule that contains genetic material from more than one organism

Front 22

restriction enzyme

Back 22

type of enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence

Front 23

reverse transcriptase

Back 23

enzyme that uses mRNA as a template to make a strand of cDNA

Front 24

sticky ends

Back 24

an end of a DNA double helix at which a few unpaired nucleotides of one strand extend beyond the other

Front 25

taq polymerase

Back 25

an enzyme found in the bacillus Thermus aquaticus, which lives in hot springs; it is heat resistant and can endure the high temperatures of the polymerase

Front 26

thermocycler

Back 26

a lab apparatus most commonly used to amplify segments of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction