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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Fertility
the incidence of childbearing in a country population.
Crude Birth Rate
the number of deaths in a given year for every thousand people in a poplulation
Infant Mortality Rate
number of deaths among infants under one year of age for every thousand live births in a given year
Life Expectancy
average lifespan of a societys population
Migration
the movement of people into and out of a specified territory
Mortality
incidence of death in a societys population
immigration
movement into a territory, is measured by in-migration rate
emigration
movement out of a territory, measured by out-migration rate
Sex ratio
number of males for every hundred females in a given population
age-sex pyramid
graphic representation of the age and sex of a population
Malthusian Theory
believed that population increased geometrically, while food could only increase arithmetically, leading to catastrophic starvation
Demographic transition theory
thesis population patterns to a societys level of technological development
4 stages of development within demographic transition theory
1. Stage 1, preindustrial; high birth rates, high death rates
2. Stage 2, onset of industrialization; high birth rates, lower death rates
3. Stage 3, industrial economy; declining birth rates, low death rates
4. Stage 4, postindustrial economy; low birth rates, steady death rates
Zero population growth
level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady state
Low-growth industrial societies of the north are close to this
high growth south
less-developed societies of the South are still in Stage 2 of the demographic transition.
Urbanization
concentration of humanity into cities
Metropolis
large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area
megalopolis
vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs
Gemeinschaft
type of social organization by which people are bound closely together by kinship and tradition
by Ferdinand Tonnies
Gesellschaft
type of social organization by which people have weak social ties and considerable self-interest
by Ferdinand Tonnies
Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and organic solidarity
described traditional rural life as mechanical solidarity, social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. Organic solidarity refers to social bonds based on specialization and interdependence
Georg Simmel: The Blase Urbanite
pointed out that urbanites develop a blase attitude, tuning out much of what goes on around them
Urban Ecology
study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities
Ecology
study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment
Natural Environment
consists of the earths surface and atmosphere, including various living organisms and the air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life
Ecosystem
the system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment
Environmental Defecit
Profound and negative harm to the natural environment, caused by humanitys focus on short term material affluence
Logic of growth
widely accepted cultural value which suggests that growth is inherently good and that we can solve any problems that might arise as a result of unrestrained expansion.
Limits of Growth
thesis holds that humanity must implement policies to control the growth of population, material production, and the use of resources in order to avoid environmental collapse.
Rain Forests
regions of dense forestation, most of which circle the globe to the equator
Global Warming
rise in Earths temperature due to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Environment Racism
the pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for the poor people, especially minorites
Ecologically Sustainable Culture
a way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations
Sustainable living depends on 3 strategies
1. We must bring world population growth under control.
2. We must conserve finite resources.
3. We must reduce waste.