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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fertility
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the incidence of childbearing in a country population.
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Crude Birth Rate
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the number of deaths in a given year for every thousand people in a poplulation
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Infant Mortality Rate
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number of deaths among infants under one year of age for every thousand live births in a given year
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Life Expectancy
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average lifespan of a societys population
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Migration
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the movement of people into and out of a specified territory
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Mortality
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incidence of death in a societys population
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immigration
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movement into a territory, is measured by in-migration rate
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emigration
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movement out of a territory, measured by out-migration rate
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Sex ratio
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number of males for every hundred females in a given population
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age-sex pyramid
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graphic representation of the age and sex of a population
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Malthusian Theory
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believed that population increased geometrically, while food could only increase arithmetically, leading to catastrophic starvation
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Demographic transition theory
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thesis population patterns to a societys level of technological development
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4 stages of development within demographic transition theory
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1. Stage 1, preindustrial; high birth rates, high death rates
2. Stage 2, onset of industrialization; high birth rates, lower death rates 3. Stage 3, industrial economy; declining birth rates, low death rates 4. Stage 4, postindustrial economy; low birth rates, steady death rates |
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Zero population growth
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level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady state
Low-growth industrial societies of the north are close to this |
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high growth south
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less-developed societies of the South are still in Stage 2 of the demographic transition.
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Urbanization
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concentration of humanity into cities
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Metropolis
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large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area
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megalopolis
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vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs
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Gemeinschaft
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type of social organization by which people are bound closely together by kinship and tradition
by Ferdinand Tonnies |
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Gesellschaft
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type of social organization by which people have weak social ties and considerable self-interest
by Ferdinand Tonnies |
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Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and organic solidarity
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described traditional rural life as mechanical solidarity, social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. Organic solidarity refers to social bonds based on specialization and interdependence
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Georg Simmel: The Blase Urbanite
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pointed out that urbanites develop a blase attitude, tuning out much of what goes on around them
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Urban Ecology
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study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities
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Ecology
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study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment
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Natural Environment
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consists of the earths surface and atmosphere, including various living organisms and the air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life
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Ecosystem
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the system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment
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Environmental Defecit
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Profound and negative harm to the natural environment, caused by humanitys focus on short term material affluence
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Logic of growth
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widely accepted cultural value which suggests that growth is inherently good and that we can solve any problems that might arise as a result of unrestrained expansion.
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Limits of Growth
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thesis holds that humanity must implement policies to control the growth of population, material production, and the use of resources in order to avoid environmental collapse.
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Rain Forests
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regions of dense forestation, most of which circle the globe to the equator
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Global Warming
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rise in Earths temperature due to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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Environment Racism
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the pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for the poor people, especially minorites
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Ecologically Sustainable Culture
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a way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations
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Sustainable living depends on 3 strategies
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1. We must bring world population growth under control.
2. We must conserve finite resources. 3. We must reduce waste. |